FRANKLIN INSTITUTE LIBRARY
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Class -^2-0 « BnnkJ— Ip Accession ^~jf~
REFERENCE
Article V. — The Library shall be divided into two classes ; the first ^comprising such works as, from their rarity or value, should not be lent 'v out, all unbound periodicals, and such text books as ought to be found Jn a library of reference .except when required by Committees of the institute, or by members or holders of second class stock, who have obtained the sanction of the Committee. The second class shall include those books intended for circulation.
Article VI. — The Secretary shall Lave authority to loan to Members and to holders of second class stock, any work belonging to the second class, subject to the following regulations :
Section 1. — No individual shall be permitted to have more than two looks out at one time, without a written permission, signed by at least two members of the Library Committe ; nor shall a book be kept out more than two weeks ; but if no one has applied for it, the former bor¬ rower may renew the loan. Should any person have applied for it, the latter shall have the preference.
Section 2. — A fine of ten cents per week shall be exacted for the detention of a book beyond the limited time ; and if a book be not re¬ turned within three months it shall be deemed lost, and the borrower shall, in addition to his fines, forfeit its value.
Section 3. — Should any book be returned injured, the borrower shall pay for the injury, or replace the book, as the Library Committee may direct ; and if one or more books, belonging to a set or sets, be lost, the borrower shall replace them or make full restitution.
Article VII. — Any person removing from the Hall, without permis¬ sion from the proper authorities, any book, newspaper or other property in charge of the Library Committee, shall be reported to the Committee, who may inflict any fine not exceeding twenty-five dollars.
Article VIII. — No member or holder of second class stock, whose annual contribution for the current year shall be unpaid or who is in arrears for fines, shall be entitled to the privileges of the Library or Reading Room.
Article IX. — If any member or holder of second class stock, shall refuse or neglect to comply with the foregoing rules, it shall be the duty of the Secretary to report him to the Committee on the Library.
Article X. — Any Member or holder of second class stock, detected in mutilating the newspapers, pamphlets or books belonging to the Insti¬ tute shall be deprived of his right of membership, and the name of the offender shall be made public.
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CONTENTS
ARBITRATION : page
Principle, the . i
ARCHITECTS :
British, Fifty-first Annual Meeting of Royal
Institute . 85
Canadian versus American . 80
Licensing of, Board Appointed in France to
Form Plan for . 30
Office, a City . 85
Registration Act Passed in Ontario . 53, 61
ARCHITECTURE :
Colonial . 45
Domestic, Examples of American . 27
Romanesque . 3, 31, 43, 55
Three Factors in the . 84
Water-color Study as Applied to . 46
ARCHITECTURAL:
Problem, a Great . 67
Specifications . 59
Wrought-iron Work, Ancient and Modern... 27
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATIONS (FOREIGN) : Edinburgh . 50, 75, 88
ARCHITECTUAL ASSOCIATIONS (LOCAL) :
Cincinnati Chapter A. I. A . 75
Denver, Society Engineers and Architects _ 38
St. Louis Chapter A. I. A . 50
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATIONS (NATIONAL):
American Institute of Architects . 38,62
Certificate of Incorporation American Insti¬ tute of Architects . 33
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATIONS (STATE) :
Illinois Chapter A. I. A . 38, 48
Kansas Chapter A. I. A . 62
Missouri Chapter A. I. A . 24
Texas . 74, 87
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE :
Development of . ■ . 5, 32
ASSOCIATIONS (BUILDERS’ EXCHANGES):
Chicago . 60
ASSOCIATIONS (PLUMBERS) :
Convention of National . 87
ASSOCIATIONS (SKETCH CLUBS) :
Chicago . 38, 62, 75, 88
Columbus . 50
Rochester . 75
St. Paul Architectural . 37
BEAMS:
Peculiar Problem in the Strength of . 47
BUILDERS :
Convention, National Association of, Fourth Annual . 6
BUILDING :
Law, Proposed Model, Governing . 54
ACOUSTICS:
Royal Theater of Vienna, of the . 70
ARCHITECTS :
Of Chicago . 91
ARCHITECTURE :
Environment, and the . 72
Influence of External Conditions on . 61
Thoughts on . 59
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATIONS (Foreign) :
Edinburgh .
Ontario .
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATIONS (National) :
American Institute of Architects . 9
Board of Directors A. I. A., Meeting of . 92
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATIONS (State) :
Illinois Chapter, A. I. A . 81
Ohio Chapter, A. I. A . 20, 32
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNING :
Upon a Logical Basis .
ARCHITECTURAL EXHIBITIONS :
Influence of upon Art . 2
Three Notable . 8
ARCHITECTURAL EXPOSITION :
Proposed World’s . 84
ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE :
Misstatements Regarding . 14
VOL. XV.
PAGE
Outlook . 39, 51, 63, 77. 91
Safe . '. . 89
BUILDING NEWS :
Synopsis of . 27, 39, 51, 63, 77, 91
BUILDING TRADES:
Chicago, Strikes in the . 42
CARPENTERS :
Chicago, Threatened Strike Among . 30
Chicago, Strike Among, in . 53
End of Strike in Chicago . 80
Strike Epidemic Among . 65
CHURCHES:
England, Illustrations of Spires and Towers of Medieval . 89
CLEOPATRA’S NEEDLE:
Reported Decay of . 79
COMPETITION :
Clark Medal . 38
Controversy, Owner’s Side of the . 29
St. Louis City Hall, a Sample . 27
St. Louis City Hall, The . 35
Emperor William, The . 88
CONTRACT :
Standard, Legal Features of the . 1
CONVENTION :
National Association of Builders, at St. Paul 1 DRAWING BOARD :
Improved, An . 50
GAS PIPES:
Fuel and Illuminating . 88
HARDWARE :
Builders’ . go
LEGAL DECISIONS:
Recent . 49,76, 90
LIEN LAWS:
Mechanics’, Should Be Abolished . 1
LICENSE BILL:
New York Legislature, Introduced in the _ 30, 34
LOCAL CHAPTER:
Business Venture by a . 41
MANSIONS AND COTTAGES:
American . 89
MANUAL TRAINING:
National Importance of . 6
Manual Training . 8
MONUMENT:
Grant, New York, The . 37
OBITUARY :
Bohlen, D. H . 79
Carrick, John . 65
VOL. XVI.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE :
Talk on, A . . . 57
ART INSTITUTE :
Architectural Classes, the Chicago. . . .' . 55
ASSOCIATIONS (BUILDERS) :
Chicago Exchange . 62, 94
National Association of Bqilders, The . 94
St. Louis Exchange . . . 94
ASSOCIATIONS (CARPENTERS) :
Chicago . . 81
ASSOCIATIONS (REAL ESTATE) :
Chicago Board..... . 94
ASSOCIATIONS (SKETCH CLUBS) :
Chicago Architectural . ..62, 78, 81
Milwaukee Art League . 62
New York Architectural League . 62
St. Louis Architectural League . 81
BOOKS:
Brickmaking and Burning . 34
Steel Square and its Uses, The . 34
BUILDING:
Outlook . 10, 35, 63, 95
BUILDING LAW:
Model, A . 31
BUILDING NEWS:
Synopsis of . io, 23, 35. 63, 81, 95
PAGE
McArthur, JJohn, Jr . 2
Walsh, Thomas . 41
PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS:
Ontario, at Toronto, The . 8r
PERSONAL:
Burnham, D. H . 50
Fleming, Howard . 50
Hopkins, Anson S . 54
Webster, W. M . 5r
Fairbairn, Thomas . 91
Carlin, W. W . 91
Bebb, Charles H . 91
Turnock, E. Hill . 91
PERSPECTIVE :
Elementary Lectures . 89
PLANS:
St. Louis City Hall, Correction Regarding . . 50
POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL (LEWIS):
The, at Chicago . 54
REGISTRATION BILL (ENGLISH) :
Protested against, An . 42
REMOVAL :
Smithmeyer, Explanation Regarding the . 80
RESIDENCE :
City, The . 90
SPECIFICATIONS :
Roofing . 47
STRAIN CALCULATION:
Experts Report on a . 74
STREETS :
Hygienic Condition of Our, A Study of the.. 82
STRIKE QUESTION :
Workingman’s Side of the . 66
STRUCTURAL STEEL:
American and Foreign . 83
Imported versus Domestic . 80
TRADE SCHOOL:
Chicago Exchange, Inaugurated by the . 54
TRADE SCHOOLS:
Establishment of . 57
National Association of Builders and the... 1
TRAVEL :
Sketch of, A . 71
WAGES :
Payment by the Hour Advised . *
WORLD’S FAIR:
Board of Directors for, A . 42
Mistaken Idea Regarding the . 8r
Project, Chicago and the . 30
CARPENTERS :
Chicago, and Their Employes . 71
CAST:
Columbus Low Relief Portrait from, A . . 19
COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION :
Architects and Engineers . 19
Architects named . 84
Architectural Exhibit . 56
Art Department Located... . 56
Board of Control Appointed . . . 69
Chief of Construction Appointed . . . 55
Classification Scheme of . . . 25
Consulting Architects, Appointment of, for.. 14
Historical Architectural Exhibit. A... . 56
Lake Front Site for the . 15
Progress of, at Chicago . . . i, 93
Recognition of Draftsmen . 56
Selection of Architects for . 69
COMPETITIONS:
Architectural, from a European Standpoint. 71 COMPETITION CODE:
Austrian Architects’ . 80
CONGRESS :
A World’s, of Architects . 13
CONVENTION :
Correspondence Regarding the Institute . 63
English View of the . 74
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
CONVENTIONS : page
Annual American Institute of Architects. ..13,
25. 33, 37, 43
Michigan Chapter, American Institute of
Architects . 1
Ohio Chapter, American Institute of Archi¬
tects . 1
Ohio Fifth Annual . 13
DRAFTSMAN :
John W. Root as a . 88
DRAINAGE:
Amateur Management of Chicago . 70
DISCUSSION :
Subject for Illinois Chapter . 71
EMPLOYES:
Mistakes of . 79
ESTHETICS :
Science of . 38
EXPRESSION :
In Form .
FOUNDATIONS:
Municipal Buildings, Kansas City . 54
HISTORY :
American Institute of Architects . 40
HOTEL FIRE :
Lesson of Syracuse . 26
HOMES: page
Cheap _ • . 18
INDUSTRIAL ARTS :
In France, Italy and Belgium . 77
INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION :
Inter-State, Illinois . 22
INTERIOR DECORATIONS:
Museum of Religions, at Paris, of the . 77
LEGAL :
Notes . 9
MATERIALS :
Damages for Delay in Furnishing . 8
MEDAL:
Robert Clark, Second Competition for . 15
MEMORIAL :
John Wellborn Root . 85, 88, 89, 90, gi
MODELS :
Willard Architectural Commission, The . 34
MORTAR :
Sugar . 94
MUSIC:
World’s Progress in, Neglected . 84
OBITUARY :
Almini, Peter M . 80
Cameron, Alexander . 26
PAGE
Hayden, Charles H . 95
Mix, E. Townsend . 26
Nash, Albert C . 3
Root, John Wellborn . 83
Sullivan, M. J . 80
OFFICE BUILDING :
San Francisco, A New, for . 74
PRESS BRICK :
Chicago Hydraulic . 61
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS:
Condemnation of Private Property for . 77
STEEL AND CLAY :
An Age of . 75
THEATER CONSTRUCTION :
Views of an English Architect upon . 3, 16, 27
TRADE SCHOOL :
National Association of Builders and the Question . 84
TRADES UNION :
Demand on English Architects, A . 33
TRADES UNIONS:
Guarantee Bond Given by, A . 1
TUNNEL:
St. Clair River . 34
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Academy :
Architects Patton & Fisher, for Beloit Col¬ lege . Feb.
Asylum :
Architect Charles S. Frost, for Illinois Asy¬ lum for Feeble-minded Children . April
Bank :
Architect B. S. Tolan, for Old National Bank . June
Block of Residences :
Architect H. R. Wilson, for H. R. Wilson.. June Chapel :
Architects Irving K. Pond and Allan B. Pond, for Leavitt Street Congregational
Church . July
Churches :
Architect A. O. Elzner . April
Architects Varian & Sterner, for Baptist Congregation . May
Club Building :
Architects Varian & Sterner, for Denver Athletic Club . May
Competitions :
Architect W. H. Dennis, for St. Louis City
Hall . March
Architects Carere & Hastings, for St. Louis
City Hall . March
Architects Eckel & Mann, for St. Louis
City Hall . Feb.
Architects E. F. Fassett and A. J. Russell,
for St. Louis City Hall . March
Architects James & James, for St. Louis
City Hall . March
Architects Sidel, Ginssart & Ginder, for St.
Louis City Hall . Feb.
Buffalo Architectural Sketch Club, for a
Country Stable . April
Chicago Architectural Sketch Club, for a
Village Smithy . Feb.
Chicago Architectural Sketch Club, for an
Artist’s Home by the Sea . July
Sculptor George F. Brewster, for Indiana
Soldiers’ Monument . June
' Toronto Architectural Sketch Club, for a
Country Railway Station . May
Hotel and Theater :
Architect Jul De Horvath, for Timmerman. .May Houses :
Architect W. L. B. Jenney, at Buena Park,
Ill . Feb.
Architects Loring & Phipps . June
Architect Sanford Phipps, for William H.
Ridenig.... . June
Architects Varian & Sterner, for D. Pleyte. .June Manufacturing Building :
Architects Irving K. Pond and Allan B. Pond, for Ashley Pond . Feb.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
VOL. XV.
Office Building :
Architect James W. McLaughlin, for Carew
Estate . June
Sketches :
Chillon, by E. D. Martin . June
Ironwork, Sketched by Lucean F. Plymp-
ton . March
Old Colonial Work, Sketched by C. Bryant
Schaeffer . April
St. Constant, by John F. Jackson . June
Un Chateau en Espagne, by Julius A.
Schweinfurth . July
Residences :
Architect W. W. Clay, for W. A. Fuller . Feb.
Architects Eckel & Mann, for T. D. McNee-
ley . May
Architects Eckel & Mann, for J. W. McAl¬ lister . May
Architects Maher & Corwin, for Dr. L. R.
Williams . May
Architects Irving K. Pond and Allan B.
Pond, for Mrs. John C. Coonley . May
Architect Walter C. Root, for C. E. Hoch-
stetter . April
Architect W. Albert Swasey, for H. G.
Dravo . April
Theological Seminary :
Architects Patton & Fisher, for Chicago _ Feb.
ILLUSTRATIONS (Photogravure) :
Bank :
Architect James G. Hill, for Washington
National . March
Churches :
Architect W. Bruce Tray, for First Baptist Congregation . March
Architects J. C. Cady & Co., for Church of the Covenant . March
Architect C. F. Schweinfurth, for Calvary
Presbyterian Congregation . April
Club Houses :
Architects Du Fais & Canfield, for Genessee Valley Club . June
Architect C. F. Schweinfurth, for Roadside
Club . Feb.
Entrances :
Architects Adler & Sullivan, for Auditorium.Feb.
Architects J. C. Cady & Co., for Church of
the Covenant . March
Houses (Semi-detached) :
Architect J. K. Cady, for Oakwood Boule¬ vard . Feb.
Interior (Bank) :
Architect C. F. Schweinfurth, for National
Bank of Commerce . April
Interior (Chapel) :
Architect J. H. McNamara, for Sacred Heart Convent . April
Interior (Church) :
Architect C. F. Schweinfurth, for Calvary Presbyterian Congregation . . May
Interiors (Residence) :
Architects Patton & Fisher (Hall, Parlor,
Dining Room . July
Architect C. F. Schweinfurth, for M. A.
Hanna . April
Architect C. F. Schweinfurth, for M. A. Hanna . May
Manufacturing Block:
Architect Charles S. Ellis, for Mr. Stein _ June
Medical College :
Architects Coburn & Barnum, for Cleve¬
land . April
Memorial Building :
Architect Bruce Price, for Yale College . Feb.
Residences :
Architects Burling & Whitehouse, for C. B.
McGenniss . Feb.
Architects Burling & Whitehouse, for
H. N. Higginbotham . July
Architects Burnham & Root, for C. C.
Thompson . Feb .
Architects Burnham & Root, for Edward H:
Valentine . ..May
Architects Coburn & Barnum, for W. J.
Morgan . April
Architect William R. Emerson, for George
S. Willits . May
Architect August Fiedler, for August Fied¬ ler . May
For J. W. Gillis . June
Architects Hornblower & Marshall, for
Justice Harlan . March
Architects Hornblower & Marshall . April
Architects McKim, Mead & White, for
Albert H. Olmsted . May
For F. A. Macomber . June
Architects Marling & Burdette, for William
Hamlin, Two Plates . June
Architects Patton & Fisher, for Reynolds
Fisher . July
Architect J. L. Silsbee, for Arthur Orr . July
Architect Henry H. Sprague, for Kate B.
Parish . July
Architect H. Wendell . March
Stable :
Architects Marling & Burdette, for William
Hamlin . June
Statue :
Major General George H. Thomas . March
Tower :
Architects Adler & Sullivan, for Audito¬ rium . Feb.
) AO 5-f-
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
ILLUSTRATIONS. page
Apartment House :
Architect H. B. Wheelock, for Ricardi . Dec.
Asylum :
Architects Crapsey & Brown, for Mothers' Jewels’ Home . Dec.
Bank :
Architects Weary & Kramer, for Akron, O.Sept.
Church :
Architects W. Z. Foster and W. Pell Pulis, for
United Presbyterian . Nov.
Architects Weary & Kramer, for South Bir¬ mingham, Ala . Oct.
College Chapel :
Architects Patton & Fisher, for Beloit . Nov.
Competition :
Chicago Architectural Sketch Club, for a Lich Gate . Sept.
Chicago Architectural Sketch Club, Render¬ ing from Photograph . Nov.
Cincinnati Architectural Club, for Wrought Iron Bracket Lamp . Jan.
Cincinnati Architectural Club, Pen and Ink Rendering of Residence . Oct.
Rochester Architectural Sketch Club, for Clock Tower . Jan.
Court House :
Architect J. W. McLaughlin, for Wayne County . Jan.
Depot and Office Building :
Architect Isaac S. Taylor, for Monterey &
Gulf R’y . Sept.
Gate Lodge :
Architects H. T. E. Wendell, for Fairmount Cemetery . Dec.
Hotel :
Designed by Julius A. Schweinfurth, Archi¬ tect, Boston . Aug.
Houses :
Architects Walker & Best, for Thomas Swobe . Aug.
Interior (Residence) :
Architect J. A. Schweinfurth, for Cleveland,
Ohio . Oct.
Designer William Morgan Peters, for Charles Parsons, Jr . Nov.
Masonic Temple :
Architect Jackson E. Gott, for Richmond,
Va . Oct.
Monument.:
Robert Lee, for Richmond . Sept.
Mortuary Chapel:
Architect H. T. E. Wendell, for Fairmount Cemetery . Dec.
Office Buildings:
Architects Adler & Sullivan and Charles K. Ramsey, for Wainright . Jan.
Architect D. P. Clark, for Bresler Block _ Oct.
Architects Peabody & Stearns, for Ex¬ change . Dec.
Opera House.
Architects Adler & Sullivan, for Seattle _ Jan.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
VOL. XVI.
Palm House and Conservatory : page
Architect J. L. Silsbee, for Lincoln Park . . . Jan.
Public Building :
Architects Hess & Raseman, for Municipal
Courts, Detroit . Oct.
Residences :
Architect W. L. B. Jenney, for F. D.
Turner . Jan.
Architect Ashton Pentecost, for Mrs. H. F.
D’Eye . Oct.
Architect Osborne J. Pierce, for E. O.
Excell . Aug.
Architect C. H. Stilson, for W. A. Ingra¬ ham . Dec.
Architect A. Van Brunt, for W. B. Knight.. Dec.
Architect A. Van Brunt, for George A.
Fowler . Aug.
For Thomas H. Williams . Sept.
Sketches :
At Chinon, France, by John F. Jackson . Aug.
Stables :
Architects Loring & Phipps, for Profile
House . Sept.
Architect C. H. Stilson, for Mrs. Philip
Freseriius . Oct.
Union Depot :
Architects James Stewart & Co., for Detroit, Mich . Aug.
Wholesale Store Building :
Architect L. S. Buffington . Jan.
ILLUSTRATIONS (Photogravure):
Bank :
Architect C. L. Carson, for Eutaw Savings
Bank . Nov.
Capital :
At Washington (Intermediate) . Oct.
Church :
Assembly, Baltimore . Oct.
City Hall :
Architect John McArthur, for Philadelphia, Nov. Cloister :
Architect H. Edwards Ficken, for New
Haven, Conn . Aug.
Club House :
Architects Holabird & Roche, for Evanston. Jan. Cold Storage :
Architects Adler & Sullivan, for Chicago
Exchange . Oct.
College Building :
Architect A. Page Brown, for McCormick Theological Seminary . Jan.
Entrance (Apartment House) :
Architects Pirsson & Hoddick, for the
Shoreham . Oct.
Hotel :
Architects Adler & Sullivan, for Salt Lake City . Aug.
Interiors (Residence) :
Architects Kidder & Humphreys, for A. W.
Chamberlin . Dec.
Architect J. L. Silsbee, for J. L. Silsbee _ Nov.
PAGE
Architects Williams & Otter, for Charles
Iusco Williams . Sept.
Library :
Architects J. C. Cady & Co., for Yale
College . Aug.
Architects Van Brunt & Howe, for Cam¬ bridge...., . Jan.
Masonic Temple :
Architects Burnham & Root, for Chicago.. Sept. Medal :
Modeled by Johannes Gelert for Robert Clark Prize . Sept.
Office Buildings :
Architects Burnham & Root, “The Tem¬ ple,” for the W. C. T. U . Aug.
Architect Addison Hutton, for Girard Estate
. Nov.
Architects McKim, Mead & White, for Phelps
Association . Oct.
Architect L. W. Robinson, for Southern New
England Telephone Company . Jan.
Architect J. H. Windrim, for Fleming . Oct.
Oriental Bath :
Architect Wilson Eyre, Jr., for the Kelsey
Oriental Bath Company . Aug.
Portrait :
John W. Root . Jan.
Power House and Office Building :
Architect J. H. McNamara, for People’s Rail¬ way Company . Dec.
Residences :
Architects Beman & Parmentier, for H. H.
Reese . Oct.
Architect Frank Miles Day, for Philadelphia. Nov. Architect William R. Emerson, for W. E.
Collins . Aug.
Architects Hazelhurst & Huckel, for J. F.
Cox . Dec.
Architects Irving K. Pond and Allan B. Pond,
for James Mullen . Jan.
Architects Kidder & Humphreys, for A. W.
Chamberlin . Dec.
Architect H. L. Page, for Chaffin . Oct.
Architects Raeder, Coffin & Crocker, for C. P.
Mitchell . Oct.
Architect J. L. Silsbee, for R. A. Waller . Sept.
Architect J. L. Silsbee, for J. L. Silsbee . Nov.
Architect E. Hill Turnock, for James Van
Inwagen . Dec.
Architects Varian & Sterner, for Dr. S. E.
Solly . Aug.
Architects Williams & Otter, for Charles
Iusco Williams . Sept.
For Senator Sawyer . Oct.
School :
Architect L. W. Robinson, for New Haven... Sept. Secret Society Building :
Architect Richard M. Hunt, for Scroll and Key
Society . Jan.
Stable :
Architect J. L. Silsbee . Jan.
Architects Wyatt & Sperry, for Ross Winans..Oct.
The Inland Architect and News Record
Vol. XV.
FEBRUARY, 1890.
No. 1
FEBRUARY, 1890.
The Inland Architect
AND NEWS RECORD.
A Monthly Journal ( with an Intermediate News Number) Devoted to
ARCHITECTURE,
Construction, Decoration and Furnishing
. IN THE WEST.
TERMS: Regular number, S3 a year; Photogravure edition, $8 a year Single copies: Regular number, 25c.; Photogravure edition (including 7 photo¬ gravures), 75c. Intermediate number, 10c. Advance payment required.
L. MULLER, Jr., Manager. R. C. McLEAN, Managing Editor.
C. E. ILLSLEY, Associate Editor.
„. . . . The present number of The Inland Archi-
The Inland 1
Architect’s tect commences the eighth year of the Eighth Year journal’s publication. It is not necessary to of Publication, point to the estimation in which it is held by the architects and the builders throughout the United States and its reception -as an exponent of American architecture by the profession in foreign countries, or the estimate of its value as an advertising medium evidenced by the thirty- six pages devoted to the current materials and appliances used in building, except to demonstrate that its success has been phenomenal ; and our thanks to the profession that has so thoroughly encouraged and aided our efforts corre¬ spondingly great. For the coming year the quality and quantity both of illustrations and reading matter will be fully equal to that of the past year and improved upon as far as possible. The index to volumes XIII and XIV, which should appear in this number, will be published in the March edition.
PUBLISHED BY THE INLA.ND PUBLISHING CO.,
19 TRIBUNE BUILDING, CHICAGO, ILL.
|
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS : |
||
|
John W. Root, |
Wm. Paul Gerhard, |
W. L. B. Jenney, |
|
Benezette Williams, |
P. B. Wight, |
Irving K. Pond, |
|
D. H. Burnham, |
Louis H. Sullivan, |
Allen B. Pond. |
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS.
OFFICERS FOR 1890.
President . Richard M. Hunt, New York, N. Y.
Secretary . John W. Root, Chicago, Ill.
Treasurer . Samuel A. Treat, Chicago, Ill.
VICE-PRESIDENTS :
First Vice-President . . . William W. Carlin, Buffalo, N. Y.
Second Vice-President . . James W. McLaughlin, Cincinnati, Ohio.
executive committee :
Richard M. Hunt, Chairman (1 year) . New York, N. Y.
John W. Root, Secretary (1 year) . Chicago, Ill.
Samuel A. Treat (i year) . Chicago, Ill.
Edward H. Kendall (3 years) . New York, N. Y.
Dankmar Adler (3 years) . Chicago, Ill.
Robert W. Gibson (2 years) . New York, N, Y.
William W. Carlin (i year) . Buffalo, N. Y.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS :
For Three Years.
Edward H. Kendall, New York, N. Y. James G. Cutler, Rochester, N. Y. Charles A. Cummings, Boston, Mass. C. E. Illsley, St. Louis, Mo. Dankmar Adler, Chicago, Ill. E. T. Littell, New York, N. Y.
Henry Van Brunt, Kansas City, Mo. James H. Windrim, Philadelphia, Pa. For Tiuo Years.
R. S. Peabody, Boston, Mass. C. A. Coolidge, Boston, Mass.
R. W. Gibson, New York, N. Y. W. H. Hayes, Minneapolis, Minn.
W. W. Clay, Chicago, Ill. O P. Hatfield, New York, N. Y.
Stanford White, New York. W. R. Briggs, Bridgeport, Conn.
For One Year.
T. P. Chandler, Philadelphia, Pa. Sidney Smith, Omaha, Neb.
Adolph Cluss, Washington, D. C. G. W. Lloyd, Detroit, Mich.
J. C. Stevens, Portland, Ore. W. C. Smith, Nashville, Tenn.
C. F. Schweinfurth, Cleveland, Ohio. A. C. Bruce, Atlanta, Ga.
STANDING COMMITTEES. committee on education :
Professor Russell Sturges, chairman . New York, N. Y.
Professor William R. Ware . New York, N. Y.
Professor N. Clifford Ricker . Champaign, Ill.
T. M. Clark . Boston, Mass.
committee on code of professional ethics:
Louis H. Sullivan, chairman . Chicago, Ill.
E. II. Kendall . New York, N. Y.
W. W. Carlin . Buffalo, N. Y.
Henry Van Brunt . Kansas City, Mo.
R. W. Gibson . New York, N. Y.
committee on clerk of works :
R. W. Gibson, chairman . New York, N. Y.
D. Adler . Chicago, Ill.
W. G. Preston . Boston, Mass.
W. R. Forbush . Cincinnati, Ohio.
J. G. Cutler . Rochester, N. Y.
„u The fourth annual convention of the National
n. a. b. Association of Builders of the United States
Convention of America was held at St. Paul, Minnesota, at st. Paul. on January 27, 28, 29. There were 119 del¬ egates, representing thirty-three different cities and a mem¬ bership of over 6,000. The proceedings, as in each of the previous conventions of this body, were characterized by parliamentary precision, well considered action and remark¬ able for the large number of weighty subjects discussed and intelligently disposed of. That much of this is due to the officers, and particularly to the secretary, is apparent, and though in his report the latter asks to be relieved of the great responsibility resting upon him, no amount of money or personal influence of members should be spared to retain that valuable officer. There may be a time in the future when his place can be filled without detriment to the association’s interests, but we would warn the National Association of Builders that at present, among all the pow¬ erful minds that now aid in controlling and directing its affairs, there are none in whose hands it would be safe to leave the secretaryship. We say this from our knowl¬ edge of the material to be found within its membership, and of the needs of the association, a knowledge obtained through the closest possible relationship with the association since its organization.
The Legal The report of the Uniform Contract Corn- Feature of mittee of the National Association of Builders the standard should be read carefully by architects. It is Contract. not strange that the builders are more active in the establishment of such a contract than the architect¬ ural profession, for to them it is an emancipation from a class of complicated, if not thoroughly one-sided, contracts, the legality of which, in many instances, was open to serious conjecture. But to the architect it has proved invaluable, as a clear and concise statement of his position as arbitra¬ tor between contractor and owner, and to both as the estab¬ lishment of a custom where there is no law it places the building interest upon a substantial legal basis equal to the enactment of a general law. There are other questions upon which the two national associations and their affiliated local bodies can work together to advantage. The trade school question belongs as much to architects as to builders, and the subject of lien laws is, in many portions of the
[Vol. XV. No. I
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
country, as interesting to the architect representing the owner, as to the builder. In regard to the latter, the chap¬ ters and the exchanges in the State of Missouri have already commenced to work together in the matter. Architects can profit by reading closely the proceedings of the late builders’ convention, and the builder who really wishes to advance his interests will subscribe for an architectural journal and read it carefully from month to month, that he may keep in touch with all those things which, though pertain¬ ing to architecture, are so closely allied to his individual interests that it is a serious detriment not to be conversant with them.
Payment The position taken by the association upon
by the the eight-hour question was such as to show
Hour beyond all other evidence how firmly the
Advised. builders of the United States may trust their interests in its hands. The discussion of the question was necessary, but any position taken either for or against the system would have been most detrimental to the associa¬ tion’s interests. On development of the fact that the tend¬ ency was toward the shortening of the hours of labor the association performed its natural function in advising its members to establish payment by the hour. It acted wisely, and members of the local bodies should read the discussion carefully and see that the opinion of the leading builders in all sections, is in favor of this and the avoidance of all dispute with unions upon the number of hours in a day that each shall work. Contractors have too long taken up the cudgels of the public, and forgotten that they are practi¬ cally the agents of the employ^, with little interest in the number of hours he labors, so long as payment is made by the hour.
Should The discussion of the lien law developed the Mechanics’ fact that while those who were laboring under Lien Law one that was cumbersome, discriminating and be Abolished, unjust, as well as full of flaws from a legal standpoint and of no real protection to the contractor, as in Illinois, were in favor of the abolition of all lien laws, when a different law, more equitable and effective, was in force the members were in favor of retaining it. We are inclined to side with those who favor its abolition, because while one exists, good or bad, it is liable to change with each legislature. The argument of “why should a con¬ tractor be protected any more than a banker ” is effective. Either the lien laws should be abolished in the several states and recourse be had to the common law, or else there should be a national law similar to that governing banking, which would be operative in all states and give equal justice to all interested.
The n. a. b. We ^ear the matter of trade schools in and the the United States is not being taken hold of
Trade School with sufficient seriousness by the members of Question. the National Association, and still it is one of the vital questions of the day, the establishment of which should be aided by everyone connected with the building interest. It is a subject for each exchange to take up and to urge upon the educational authorities of their respective cities. It is one that the American Institute of Architects should join the National Association of Builders in discussing and promoting and in which they should work together with a common purpose and understanding. The local chapters should unite with the local exchanges, and all having for a grand object the establishment of trade schools as a part of the public school system.
The nab commenting upon a recent dispatch from and the Boston, stating that a “financial alliance” Arbitration was about to be formed by organized labor
Principle. to establish a fund of a quarter of a million
of dollars to support a proposed strike for the establish¬ ment of eight hours as a day’s labor on May i next, the Chicago Tribune says :
If this dispatch be correct, the workingmen as usual are only proposing to run head first against the natural order of things. What difference will the rais¬ ing of this fund make if the employers cannot afford to hire the workmen on their terms ? In that case they will simply shut up shop or go somewhere else. The workmen can’t force the employers to do a losing business, and their *250,000 will soon be spent in idleness. If the employers can make a profit on the terms pro¬ posed by the workmen they will probably get their terms without having to spend this money, but if they insist upon terms that do not allow a profit to the employ¬ ers it simply means idleness for the men, the loss of the means they can control, and the final acceptance of the employers’ terms. They cannot force the employ¬ ers to pay more than they can afford. In such cases there is only one course to pursue, and that is arbitration. The arbitrators hear both sides, and they will decide whether the employer can give more. If the business can afford more than he is paying he will yield, unless it leads to other demands, as being less costly than to stop. But when he can’t see the profit, that ends the argument. The levy of a quarter of a million dollars upon those so little able to pay it is not a sign of much intelligence on the part of the leaders of the workingmen.
It is encouraging to see this influential daily supporting the action of the National Association of Builders in regard to this matter in thus recommending arbitration, and show¬ ing so clearly and conservatively the folly of further strikes among employes. The past, particularly among the build¬ ing trades, should have taught this thoroughly, and how disastrous it is to listen to the professional agitator. In the last four years no strike of any magnitude by organized labor has been successful, while many have been settled to the mutual satisfaction of both employers and employed by calm discussion and arbitration. So thoroughly has labor been convinced of this (though in many cases previous to the time mentioned, it must be confessed, the argument was a knock-down one) that that once powerful body, the Knights of Labor, has almost disappeared. Only those organizations are now strong that are controlled by the most conservative and intelligent members, and who recog¬ nize the principle of arbitration and the unity of interest of the employer and the employ^.
^ Architect Tohn McArthur, Tr., well known
Death J J ’
of Architect throughout the United States as the architect McArthur, of the City Hall at Philadelphia, died at that of Philadelphia, place, aged sixty-seven years. Mr. McArthur was born at Bladernock, in Wiltonshire, Scotland, and came to the United States ten years later. As an architect he first came into notice when, in 1848, he was awarded first premium for his plans for the House of Refuge at Philadel¬ phia. During the war he acted as architect for the war department, and in this office erected many of the hospitals and other government buildings at Philadelphia and else¬ where. But it was in 1870 that the chief honor was bestowed upon his genius by the city of his adoption, when his design for the new City Hall was accepted over all com¬ petitors, the foundation stone of which was laid in 1874. Since this time Mr. McArthur has been employed upon the work at a salary of $10,000 a year, and though this, one of the grandest public buildings in the country, is not yet com¬ pleted he has seen more than $14,000,000 expended in its erection, and it will stand as a monument to his architectural ability. Mr. John Ord has been elected to succeed Mr. McArthur, and complete a building that has been from its in¬ ception almost to its completion under one master mind, that leaves it as a memorial to a genius that rose above all obsta¬ cles and environments, leaving a name that will be a last¬ ing honor to the profession he so long and honorably practiced.
February, 1890]
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
3
Romanesque Architecture.*
Chapter X.
CHURCH AND CLOISTER OF ST. TROPHIME AT ARLES — THE PORTALS OF ST. GILLES IN LANGUEDOC, OF ST. MARTHA AT TARASCON AND OF MOISSAC — CLOISTER OF MONTMAJOUR, NEAR ARLES, AND OF ST. PAUL-DEL-MAUSOLfeE, NEAR ST. R&V1I.
N the southern countries of Europe, and principally in the South of France, Romanesque architecture assumed from its start a char¬ acter of peculiar fineness and elegance which is easily explained. The fact that southern architects were born in the midst of the chefs-d'oeuvre of Roman art which their ancestors had not only assimi¬ lated, but also which they had rapidly brought to a higher degree of perfection, explains it.
The Romanesque architects of Provence followed the uninter¬ rupted traditions of antiquity, and, while sacrificing the architectural
Fig. 148.
parts to the construction of the edifices erected in the eleventh and twelfth centuries in the southern provinces, they preserved ancient art in the refined taste for ornamentation and statuary, in the expres¬ sion of which Syrian and Byzantine influence can easily be seen.
The church of St. Trophime, at Arles, is one of these examples, so numerous in Provence, of an edifice built at the commencement of the twelfth century according to the new principles of Romanesque construction. It is composed of a nave and two narrow side aisles, divided in five bays and separated by a transept from the sanctuary, formed of a great apse and two small apsides vaulted in quarter spheres.
*“ L’ Architecture Romane,” by Edouard Corroyer, Paris. Translated and abridged from the French for The Inland Architect, by W. A. Otis, architect. Commenced Vol. XIII, No. 3.
The plan of St. Trophime recalls the antique basilicas by the arrangement of the nave, of the transept, and of the hemicycle, accompanied by two small apsides ; but the edifice is Romanesque by its system of vaulting.
The vaulting of the nave is in the form of pointed arches, and the ribs of the arches of the side aisles are circular. The pointed arch of the nave is not characteristic of a style of architecture ; it is only a means often employed by Romanesque architects in Central and Southern France, because the vaulting in the form of a pointed arch exercised on the lateral walls a much less energetic action than the circular barreled arch. Moreover, in St. Trophime, as in some other churches, the pointed and round arch is used simultaneously in the same edifice, according to the exigencies of the construction, to insure its perfect stability. (Fig. 145.)
The portal of St. Trophime is one of the most beautiful in Pro¬ vence, as remarkable for the perfection of its construction as for the richness of its decoration. According to Viollet-Leduc the ornamentation has a Romanesque, Greek and Syriac character, and the statuary is Gallo-Roman, with a pro¬ nounced Byzantine influence.
The Romanesque cloister of St. Trophime is cer¬ tainly one of the most curious in southern France, which contains many of this epoch, notably at Montmajour and at St. Remi. Two galleries of this cloister date from the commencement of the thirteenth century. Each of these is composed of three principal bays, divided by four arcades carried on small twin columns. The pillars at the corners are very massive, as well as those which separate the bays.
This cloister is one of great richness as to its carv¬ ings ; the small columns, capitals and facing of the piers are of gray marble, and in the carving as well as style of the columns the influence of antique Roman art can be seen.
The Abbey church of St. Gilles in Languedoc, the same as St. Trophime, reproduces in the details of its decoration the Roman fragments that were at that time found throughout France. The edifice is very interest¬ ing and its magnificent portal is one of the richest examples of Romanesque Byzantine ornamentation. According to Merimde it is simply an immense bas relief of marble and stone, where the background dis¬ appears under a multitude of details. According to Violet-Leduc the school of Toulouse knew how to recon¬ cile the Gallo-Romanesque and Auvergnate traditions with the Byzantine gifts collected in the East. Another neighboring school, that of Provence, initiated itself even more thoroughly in those last vestiges of Greco- Roman art, which took refuge in Syria. In examining the portals of St. Gilles, which date from the twelfth century, it seems as if they must be the remains of one of those monuments which sprang up in such numbers on the road from Antioch to Aleppo.
In this church is the screw of St. Gilles, a. chef-d'oeuvre of stereotomy, which gave its name to the rampant spiral vaulting. It was, moreover, the place of pilgrim¬ ages for companies of stone-cutters.
The portals of St. Martha at Tarascon (Fig. 148) are much less rich than those of St. Trophime and of St. Gilles, but in them the characteristics of Romanesque architecture of the twelfth century are perhaps more clearly shown. It is necessary always to state the marked antique reminiscences in the contour of the columns, the profiles, the carving, and still more in the false story above the doorway. This story is composed of pilasters alternating with small colonnettes, both fluted and extend¬ ing between two slight cornices. The lower one is sustained by brackets, or, rather, carved corbels, the spaces behind which are filled by a frieze in the form of an engraved metophe. These archi¬ tectural members have preserved the appearance of even the motives that are so frequently found in the Roman edifices built in Provence during the first centuries.
Among the doors of the churches of the twelfth century, the most remarkable according to Violet-Leduc is that of Moissac. (Fig. 149.)
These doors open laterally on to a great porch ; it is preceded by a grand nearly circular arch, which forms of itself an ante porch, and which is richly decorated with carvings of gray marble. The mullion of interlacing lions forms an ornamentation, whose Asiatic origin
4
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
[Vol. XV. No. i
is very marked ; the carving, moreover, is extremely fine. Time has enriched it with an admirable patina, which gives to this singular composition, so original and decorative, the aspect of antique bronze.
The jambs are ornamented with crescents, and the lintel is decor¬ ated with beautiful tracery, deeply sunk. In the pediment is seated a great crowd of figures, representing Christ in the act of blessing.
On each side are the four symbols of the evangelists, accompanied by two angels of colossal dimensions, and the twenty-four patriarchs of the Apocalypse. The voussoirs are decorated with finely sculptured ornaments. On the joints of the arch and in the lateral arcades bas reliefs in marble, of a very marked Byzantine style, represent at the right of Christ the Judgment of the Wicked, and at the left, the Annunciation, the Visitation, the Adoration of the Magi, and the Flight into Egypt.
The cloisters of the abbey of Montmajour (Figs. 151 and 152), and of St. Paul-du-Mausolee, near St. Remi, are less ornamented than the cloister of St. Trophime, but they are very similar to it in their mode of construction adopted by the architects of Romanesque edifices.
The galleries of the cloisters of Montmajour and of St. Paul-du-Mausolee are both covered with barreled vaults, with arch ribs resting on the side aisles ; this on the outer side of the cloister is very thick, and it is, beside, strengthened on the exterior by the counter-buttresses at right angles to the arch ribs. These arches are united exteriorly by segment arches, the openings of which are decorated by arcades resting on little twin columns.
Chapter XI.
CHURCH OF ST. MARK’S, AT VENICE.
The construction of churches with cupolas was a most interesting phase in the revolution of the art of building, which began in the East in the sixth century and which was made manifest simul¬ taneously in Italy and France at the commence¬ ment of the eleventh century by two admirable monuments, both chefs-d'oeuvre of the Romanesque period of architecture. The churches erected at the end of the tenth century, and Especially at the commencement of the eleventh century, are either partially or entirely vaulted, according to the new principles of Romanesque architecture. We have seen the efforts of builders to arrive at this result. However, the general arrangement remained about the same as that of the antique basilicas, with the exception of the round or polygonal churches, and even in edifices where the wisest and most ingenious combinations of the Romanesque style were to be found the basilica form was not departed from, a form which might almost be called consecrated. There is always the same central nave, accompanied by one or more side
aisles and abutting into a transept into which it opens, while beyond is a principal hemicycle or grand apse, with two or more smaller apsides. These different parts of the edifice were covered with wood or stone, by open timber roofs or in circular, pointed, groined, bar¬ reled, or quarter-spherical vaults. It is the Latin form augmented by a greater or less number of accessory details, which do not change the general form. But by the adoption of the new system of which the cupola is the principal element, the churches were transformed, and if they yet kept some of the Latin details they be¬ came Byzantine in even the economy of construc¬ tion. The plan of the edifice no longer recalls the Roman basilicas ; it resembles that of the Holy Apostles built at Constantinople during the reign of Justinian.
The church of the Holy Apostles had the form of a Greek cross composed of two equal naves, of three bays each, crossing each other at right angles, and consequently forming five equal bays, crowned each by a hemispherical cupola, sustained by four pendentives. This is absolutely the de¬ scription of the church of St. Mark’s and that of St. Front which we shall study in the following chapter.
St. Mark was not constructed on the plan of St. Sophia of Constantinople, at least not the original church destroyed by fire in 976, which indicates that it was covered with an open timber roof like the antique basilicas.
The present church of St. Mark was com¬ menced, according to historians and reliable archaeologists, in 1043 and roofed in 1071, but not finished, for they continued for centuries to enlarge and decorate it. It has the exact form of the church of the Holy Apostles. The construction of St. Mark indicates an advanced art. The intersecting naves are formed of heavy arches, united at the summit by pendentives, forming a solid course for the hemispherical cupola. The piers, receiving the spring of the arches, are hollowed out by the two-storied arcades and form
Fig. 149.
the side aisles, which establish easy communication at the side for the intersecting naves.
But if the plan and architectural part of the elevation are frankly Byzantine, the mode of construction remains Roman ; the skeleton of the edifice was afterward clothed in a decoration which disguise the details of its construction. The details of the architecture are equally Roman ; the bases, the profiles are all of antique character and the shafts of the columns as well as the capitals seem to have been taken from Greek monuments. (Fig. 153.) On the east a hemicycle or apse surrounded by smaller apsides, as in the church of the Holy
Fig. 145.
February, 1890]
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
5
Sepulcher at Jerusalem, is accompanied by two apsides, smaller still, arranged in the same manner. These apsides and the two smaller ones form a sanctuary which recalls that of the Christian churches of Constantinople or of Greece, especially those of Theotocus and St. Nicodemus.
At the west a porch with cupolas, less ancient than the church, extends across the facade, pierced by five doors, and extends along the sides until it meets northern and southern arms of the cross.
Fig. 154.
(Fig. 154.) The present dome replaced the covering of the primitive cupolas. The facades were restored in the fourteenth century, and the small towers with the intervening arches, and the ornaments in bad taste, which dishonor the venerable edifice, appear to be of this epoch.
( To be continued.')
Development of Architectural Style.*
BY GOTTFRIED SEMPER — TRANSLATED AND ARRANGED BY JOHN W. ROOT, ARCHITECT, t
AS regards India, we observe a building art whose style looks highly /A original, as though it were the result of the uncontrolled fan¬ tastic notions of the Hindoos, who were ready for self-sacrifice for the benefit of the community; but, although it indicates these quali¬ ties, this style is the coolly calculated work of statesmen, compared with whom even Macchiavelli seems to be a sentimental politician. To counteract the mighty powers of an enervating climate, and the peculiar mental and sensual development of the Hindoos, there were two opposite methods of establishing and maintaining a state. The doctrine of Buddha suggested one of these. It opposed those forces as absolutely pernicious factors, rejected the authority of the Vedas, the holy books of the Brahmins, and opened the gate of true knowledge for all mankind, without distinction of caste or race. It denied the superiority of the Brahmins and of the other preferred castes, and represented the principle of liberty and the right of individual exist¬ ence. Architecturally, it is expressed by a style which is distinguished by its sobriety from the lavish styles of the worshipers of Brahma.
Buddhism, like Christianity, has a cosmopolitan tendency ; it spread over the whole of eastern , Asia, but could not endure the intoxicating sky of India. The Brahmins pursued the opposite method by attempting to keep within certain bounds and to sys¬ tematically lead these invincible forces in a definite direction, thus making them harmless, and even transforming them into powerful factors in the state mechanism ; that is, they advanced among the people the knowledge of the vanity of the individual, compared with natural life in general. They disdained the lever of personal ambi¬ tion, a mighty agency in other states. The monumental expression of the state-principle followed by them is seen in many temples, pagodas, monasteries and pilgrims’ harbors with their exuberant plant-like confused elaboration, partly constructed from stone, partly
* Commenced in Volume XIV, No. 7.
t Material assistance to Mr. Root in this translation by Mr. Fritz Wagner, of Chicago, is courteously acknowledged in the following letter :
Editors Inland Architect , — In your publication of Professor Semper’s essay, I alone am credited with the translation. No one well acquainted with my lin¬ guistic accomplishments will believe any such statement. The fact is, that but for the assistance of my friend, Mr. Fritz Wagner, the translation would never have seen the light. J. W. Root,
cut into the rock, and partly sunk into the ground. The service they perform is, we may say, but the pretext for such elaboration. Works of myriads of penitents and monks, glorified self-mortification, and at the same time mortification of the stone. Their baffling and seem¬ ingly law-defying abundance of forms, is controlled by rules, and every detail is prescribed in the holy books of the Silpasastra, the divine building law-book of the Brahmins. Without these books, therefore, the imagination of the Hindoo people would have remained sterile ; and the amazing creations produced by their self-tormenting fanaticism are again triumphal monuments of sagacious statesman¬ ship.
In prehistoric times society in Egypt was probably also of warlike constitution, as the oldest architecture indicates. This seems, at least, to be shown by the pyramids so closely related to Asia’s terrace towers, and by our knowledge of other buildings and of the constitution of the old empire. But long security against external attacks may have given the community time to adapt itself to the ground, and to grow fast in it. The idea of autochthony was strong among the Egyptian people. It became the foundation of the ruling system of a country aristocracy, which, with theocratic forms, governed Egypt for cent¬ uries.
The house of a hereditary owner grows with his possessions, and developes slowly, like a plant from the sprout. The larger is an exten¬ sion and completion of the smaller ; and the latter the reduction of the former, as we have seen the case to be in Asia. This contrast is symbolized in the Egyptian temple-palace of the new empire, for those great national monuments of Thebes were both temples and royal palaces as well. Its essential features appear clearly defined when compared with the Asiatic defiance structure. The largest monuments of Thebes, the celebrated temples at Kamak and Luxor, and that row of palace-temples located near by, on the west side of the Nile, are all distinguished from the very smallest structures merely by the multiplication and extension of their outworks, and by the greater number of covered parts in the inner court. The temple-cell, forming the essential part of the whole, changes neither size nor form, but is gradually veiled and outshone by the outworks, which con¬ stantly increase in number and proportions. There is no leaning against a prominent point of support as in Chaldea, but, on the con¬ trary, the center of gravity of the whole is in the outworks, which dominate the rest of the structure, without, however, forming a definite terminus to it. In fact, the continual increase from rear to front of the proportions of similar parts of the structure, invites the imagination to indefinitely continue this progression. Miles of sphinxed avenues, pierced by separated pylons, indicate how it might be extended. This quality, again, is opposed to the self-secluded Chaldean building, which is finished once and forever. It is true that several temples still exist, which naturally originated by gradual extension ; but the symbolic meaning of the motive was early con¬ ceived and knowingly fixed by art. All the later ornaments, and even some very old ones, were manifestly created, and, so to speak, cast in one piece, according to this canon.
Thus, these simply divided masses seem to have grown out of the ground like the sandstone banks that inclose and pierce the valley of the Nile. Everything in the structure points to an invisible nucleus — rto a kind of queen bee, whose influence is shown through the growing number of believers and pilgrims, through the addi¬ tion of larger and grander apartments and forms ; much of it being a glorification of the mighty priests rather than of the god created and maintained by them. It is not the house of the god, but his apparatus of culture that forms the essential and visible feature of the Pharaonic temple plant.
Founded for eternity, this stated form really prevailed for mil- lenia until its last hour arrived. It was shaken at an early time, when, toward the close of the eighteenth dynasty, a king, Amenhotys III, strove to introduce sun worship instead of the old polytheism. Much later (seventh century A. D.), the old theocratic royalty was supplanted by a federative constitution, which found its remarkable architectural expression in the celebrated labyrinth, a structure similar to the above mentioned state’s palace of the imperial reformer of China. Arranged around three sides of an immense square col¬ onnade court there were twelve confederated palaces, each one having its equipment of pylons, foreyards, hypostyled halls and other apartments ; the entire plant again inclosed and united by an outer peribolos. The fourth side of the court was occupied by a pyramid from an earlier period. Here, consequently, prevails a more Asiatic centralization idea, and a subordination to a monu¬ ment, which reminds us, not without intention on the part of its founders, of earlier conditions of culture. But this interruption of
6
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
[Vol. XV. No. i
the old priestly regimen was of but short duration ; the latter pre¬ served itself under Persian, Greek and Roman sovereignty, up to the first centuries of the Christian era.
All examples cited so far show the arts while in the service of society or of those who controlled its fate. They were, therefore, not liberal (free) arts. In the former, emancipation could result only from a fortunate reaction of the awakened individual instinct against the instinct of submission to the ruling tutors of the com¬ munity.
Ancient art invented the architectural symbol for this thought of liberation also. The Chaldean Belus temple as well as the Pharaonic pilgrimage temple contains an intellectual relation cen¬ ter. But in the former it is subdued by the massive substructure, while in the latter case it is hidden behind endless foreworks. The free Greek people, who themselves became priest and monarch, sough their own symbol in the visible subordination of both to the author¬ ity of the temple. In the pterepteric column-house, which rests upon a moderate step-structure of its own, splendor overtowers and controls the sanctified domain of the altar, and its inclosing walls and propylsea.
The substructure, the surrounding stoas, are now merely the pre¬ paring and supporting agencies, the court of the god, so to speak. God is no longer kept imprisoned in a concealed -cage by cunning priests, neither does he serve wanton despots as the symbol of their strength ; he serves nobody ; he carries his own colors, representing his own perfection and Greek humanity deified in him.
( To be continued .)
The National Importance of the Industral Educa¬ tion of the Youth of the Country.*
BY RICHARD DEEVES, OF NEW YORK.
IN the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread till thou return unto the ground,” is the unrepealed fiat of the Creator of both man and matter. Still man is endowed with powers which, when cultured, crown him the monarch over matter. Whether it be evi¬ denced by the bones of wild beasts found with his skeleton in the caves of prehistoric man, by the earth mounds on our own plains, by the pyramids and temples of the Nile, by the ruins of Nineveh, Babylon, Carthage, Greece and Rome ; or by the still standing monuments of medieval architecture, or by the works of the architect and builder of the present day, by the railroad, the steamship or the telegraph, we have the accumulated proof that man was not intended by his Creator to remain in a state of quiescence, lazily feeding on the ambrosial fruits of the gods, and thus thinking to enjoy perpetual youth ; but it was from the first intended that he should be a force in the world, promoting its advancement and improvement.
In the divine economy there does not appear to be any place pro¬ vided for the drone. From the days of Adam it has been the natural ambition of man to seek knowledge and better his condition, hence the evolution from the cave to the tent, to the cabin, to the mansion. As man advanced in civilization and intelligence, his wants have pro¬ portionately increased, and greater skill has been demanded to meet them. Human genius from the earliest times has been devising some¬ thing new to meet these advanced requirements, and man’s cultured skill has kept pace with the demands. The initial thing of its kind may have been rude in construction, but when skill has repeatedly been applied the perfected thing has been brought forth. Thus the steam engine of today is the perfected original of a Watt ; the mighty steamers which now plough our broad Atlantic had their germ in the canoe of the earliest fisherman, and thus the demands for increased skill are constant and imperative.
As nations have advanced in civilization their progress has been well defined by the evidences left behind them of the skill of their people, and where these evidences are lacking we may conclude that there has been little or no advancement. The sun-dried bricks found in the ruins of Nimrod are positive proof to the explorer that the civilization of the people of those ages was not equal to the civilization of the people of the time of the building of the temples of Thebes or Karnak. In the ruins of Greece and Rome we find that the evidences of their advancement far exceeds those of the ages in which the temples of Karnak and Thebes were erected. As the conception and workmanship of the Venus of Milo surpass the conception and sculpt¬ uring found in any of the ruins of Assyria, so the civilization of the respective ages already mentioned. As we come down the centuries those nations which have left the most marked impress on the world’s history, such as Phoenicia, Greece and Rome, afford convincing proofs of the fostering care with which they nurtured the arts and sciences and mechanics, thus accounting for the strength and influence they left behind.
In contrast with the above, the lack of skilled artisans was one of the great weaknesses of the Jewish nation. In the zenith of its glory and prosperity, during the reigns of David and Solomon, its Phoenician neighbor furnished the skill for the building of the temple and for constructing her ships, and also provided the seamen to man them. From the Exodus to the death of Solomon, a period- of about five hundred years, the Jewish nation gave little evidence of mechan-
* Paper read at the fourth annual convention of the National Association of Builders, at St. Paul, January 29, 1890,
ical skill, but, on the contrary, evinced a great lack of it. Even their old trade of brickmaking appears to have been left behind them in Egypt. After the death of Solomon, when the nation became divided through dissensions, it lacked internal strength and gradually declined until they were taken captive by their more enterprising Babylonian neighbors.
For a nation to be strong and prosperous its people must have and cultivate a diversity of pursuits. It will not do for all to be farmers, neither will it answer to have the majority in the profes¬ sions. A few may be merchants, doctors or learned educators, but the great mass, from the necessities of the case, must be toilers on the farm, in the workshop, the building, or on the ship plowing the mighty deep. In a nation’s industrial economy each person has a place to fill, and his right to fill such place should be held sacred and inviolate and protected by the might of its people. Especially should this right be jealously guarded in this land of constitutional liberty.
The history of the world goes to prove that the nation whose people have the greatest amount of freedom consistent with law and order and individual rights, and which seeks the development of its resources, is the strongest, and that her citizens are the most contented and prosperous. The experience of our own country dur¬ ing the late war, and since, has shown what a nation can do when it turns its attention to the development of its various resources. Instead of being weakened by it, the late war has made of us the strongest nation on the earth. Shut off from the markets and shops of the Old World, we were forced to go into the mines and manu¬ factories, and the stern school of necessity has made us stand today the most enterprising and prosperous of people. There is no nation in existence whose resources of all kinds are more ample, nor is there a nation which has greater reason to be proud of her mechan¬ ical skill than these United States. And it should be our highest ambition to further develop these resources, encourage our mechan¬ ical genius and skill, and perpetuate our free institutions.
But the nation, in order to keep up with the genius of the age, must go forward. To stand still is to go backward. Any steps taken to restrict the development of our capacity for further improve¬ ment is a serious menace to our advancement. The nation, in order to keep pace with its advanced civilization, will have to depend very largely on the skill and number of its artisans, and any attempt at the restrictions of her citizens in their industrial development or pursuits is a blow aimed at its prosperity and very life, and should not be tolerated. Not only is it a blow aimed at the life of the nation, but it is antagonistic to the liberty guaranteed us by the national constitution. The Declaration of Independence recites “ that all men are created free* and equal, and endowed with certain inalienable rights, such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,” but if the individual be restricted in his development or pursuits the Declaration of Independence becomes meaningless. The liberty of the citizen in all his honest pursuits or vocations should be beyond the power of any faction or cabal to prohibit.
Today all over this land there is a loud outcry against trusts, and I shall make no effort to defend them as I believe they are injurious to the best interests of the nation, but the labor trusts, which receive the least denunciation, are the worst, because they are the most des¬ potic, unreasonable and injurious. They strike at the liberty of the individual, and from their inception are foreign to our institutions, and are led and controlled today by men who have no regard for our laws. The trusts formed by combined capital are sometimes bene¬ ficial in the reduction of prices through large combinations of capital, and the consumer pays less for the article, but the trusts formed by labor, which would restrict the particular trade or craft to a favored few, does injury to the many and fails to bring the benefit to them¬ selves which they seek. The old motto, ‘ ‘ Competition is the life of trade,” has been productive of great good to this nation, as it has stirred men’s minds and ambitions to such activity that we stand con- cededly foremost in both inventive genius and resources. As a proof of this, if you should make a tour of the Old World, wherever you go you would find evidences of Yankee genius. You might make a trip to the Land of the Midnight Sun, and in traveling by rail over the mountains you will probably find the train in which you ride drawn by a Yankee engine. Should you travel over old England you can ride in a Pullman palace car or sleeper, and in looking out of its windows you would probably see a Yankee mowing or reaping machine at work on its fields. In the large cities, if you wish to be shaved and drop into a barber-shop you will, if a first-class shop, perhaps drop into a Yankee barber-chair, and those who keep them advertise the fact in order to draw patronage. All the world over can be heard the hum of the Yankee sewing machine, and Yankee petroleum furnishes light to the Bedouin Arab of the East, or the fellaheen of the land of the Pharaohs. Lately, when an electrical exposition was proposed by the present emperor of Germany, to be held in Berlin, he was told that the United States were so far ahead in electrical genius and ap¬ pliances that it had better be postponed till Germany could make a better showing, and in consequence it has been postponed till 1892.
When the arts, sciences, mechanics and the prosperity of the peo¬ ple have been so conserved under the liberties purchased for us by the blood of the martyrs of the Revolution, can the nation afford to have its citizens deprived of their inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ? These treasures have been too dearly pur¬ chased for us to surrender them at the dictation of any clique or fac¬ tion. It is a very dangerous precedent for the nation to allow any of our laws to be set aside or to become a dead letter. It is better if we have outgrown them to have them repealed in the proper way, but not at the dictation of a clique or as class legislation. To allow any man or body of men to set themselves above the law, and, by their conduct,
*This is a very common error. The Declaration does not say “ free,” yet the author bases much of the argument on that word. — Ed.
February, 1890]
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
7
show their contempt for the same, is but paving the way to anarchy. There are no laws on our statute books but will bear unequally on some, but living in large communities and under the established laws of civilization the few have to give way for the good of the many. As well might the fishermen of Galilee have said to Zebedee, “Thou shalt not teach thy sons to pull the oar or handle the net,” or to the Indian that he shall not teach his boy to draw the bow or follow in the chase, as to say to an American youth that he shall not learn some industry whereby he can honestly earn his bread. By what right under this free American government does any clique or association of men usurp such arbitrary power ? How long would our nation last as a free country if such usurpations were allowed to continue and grow ? The tender mercies of the Pharaoh of the Exodus were more beneficent when he ordered all the male children of the Hebrews, as they increased so fast, to be put to death. Those poor innocents never knew what suffering meant. But to allow an American boy to grow up in idleness, preventing him from learning some craft or from following some calling whereby he can be a benefit to himself in being able to make an honest living and becoming a valuable citizen, is inconsistent with the nature of our institutions, and is antagonistic to our laws. It is the more merciful of the two evils and less cruel to follow the example of Pharaoh or Herod and put the children to death at birth than to allow them to grow up and keep them in idleness.
What would be thought by the people of this nation, or how long would they tolerate it, if all the farmers of the country were to com¬ bine and agree, in order to keep up prices and that they could live more at ease, to create an artificial scarcity by cultivating only a por¬ tion of the soil, or if the owners of the coal and iron mines of the country were to do the same, and cause a scarcity of their products and thus raise the prices on the consumers ? Would not the people and the nation have the right, for self-protection, to put a stop to such conspiracies and punish the conspirators ? Yet we are allowing this very thing to take place in the labor industries of the country, and we raise but a very weak voice against it.
Suppose we should permit this restriction on the freedom of American youth to choose his occupation in life to prevail. Would the demands of these socialistic propagandists stop here ? Every intelligent person who hears me will answer no. Surrender your rights to the lawless and you will be left without law. Where is our boasted freedom if any clique or secret organization foreign to our institutions can deprive our youth from learning a trade or calling ? Is it not the duty of the nation to protect her citizens in their rights in this respect, and severely punish those who would rob them. If such intolerable tyranny were allowed these same propagandists would also deprive us of every other right we possess if these rights interfered with their selfish ends. With the cry of liberty on their lips, a word so sacred to every American heart, the leaders in all those movements of social¬ istic and anarchistic tendencies would set all laws at defiance, and substitute license for liberty, and that only for themselves. The word is profaned when coming forth from the lips of anarchists. When the great Patrick Henry uttered the now immortal words, “give me liberty or give me death,” he had no idea of the word liberty being used as a synonym for license
If we look back to the time of the French Revolution, during the reign of terror, we will find that the prototypes of our modern social¬ ists and anarchists under the keynote of the revolution, liberty, equality, fraternity, caused the streets of Paris to be drenched with the blood of its best citizens. With this cry of liberty on their lips they tried to exterminate each other. With “equality” for their motto they proclaimed that all should eat black bread, and any per¬ son found in possession of any other gave cause for imprisonment and possibly the guillotine. Some of the darkest crimes in the world’s history were committed by those mobs while excitedly shouting the memorable words, “liberty, equality, fraternity.” Madame Roland, one of the victims of the reign of terror, immediately preceding her death by the guillotine, uttered these words, ‘ ' O liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name.” Some who hear me may say, “Oh, this state of things is never likely to exist in this enlightened age, and under our laws it could make no headway in this land,” but stop and think a moment. It is but a few years since we heard of socialism for the first time in this country, and people laughed and regarded those who paraded and professed such doctrine as harmless cranks, but we have since learned that it was but a short step from harmless socialism to red-handed anarchy. Chicago will bear testimony to the fact that were it not for the bravery of a handful of its faithful guardians it would have been for the second time in our decade reduced to ashes, and its best citizens slaughtered. We in this coun¬ try have no idea of the terror a few desperate persons can wield. The historians of the French Revolution tell us that at the worst period of the reign of terror there were not more than five hundred so-called leaders ; these terrorized others, and Ishmael-like soon every man’s hand was against his fellow. The nation today is a unit on this point that we do not want the principles of the French Revolution or the commune or any other of the blighting isms whose seeds have taken root on the other side of the Atlantic, disseminated or put in practice in this free land. We have many broad acres left but we should give this class of criminal emigrants to understand that we have no room left for them.
With our immense population of more than sixty millions of people, there are less persons learning trades today than there were twenty- five years ago. Cut off our foreign supply of mechanics today, and not increase the number of apprentices, and before many years the nation would be robbed of the means of material advancement. As a proof of this within the last year the stonecutters’ unions passed a resolution shutting out the stonecutters called “birds of passage,” who come over here from Europe in the spring, working here all summer and fall for good wages, and when the winter sets in go back
to their homes, taking the money they have saved with them to be left on the other side, and repeat the same thing year after year ; and as a consequence of shutting out so large a number there was a great scarcity of good stonecutters in our large cities and the progress of building greatly delayed. With this policy of the unions I am in full sympathy if at the same time they will remove the restrictions placed on the industrial education of our youth. The plasterers are now very largely dependent on the foreign supply, and are becoming so scarce that in the busy season they can demand almost any wages. This certainly is not a healthy state of things for the nation and people when we cannot either educate mechanics or import them.
Not only are the rules of trades’ unions and Knights of Labor socialistic and anarchistic in their tendency, but in most cases are a violation of our rights under the constitution, but are unlawful, and if the law were properly enforced those persons who attempt to force these unlawful rules upon us would be severely punished. Take the law of boycott, for instance. Has there ever been such another act of tyranny or cruelty devised ? Yet, the people of this nation have not yet waked up to its enormity. There is enough law in our land today to punish all violators of rights, but the trouble is there is too little justice meted out to those who set the laws at defiance. If an appeal were taken to our United States courts, I think, they would decide that all such combinations, having for their main object the interfer¬ ence with and restrictions of the rights of others, are conspiracies, and should be punished. But if our present laws do not reach this class of criminals the sooner we have such laws on our statute books, and their rigid enforcement, the better for the prosperity of the nation and its people. But will our legislators dare to take up such subjects when they know that they are inimical to the voters who belong to those various unions ? I fear there are few who have the moral and political courage to do so. But they are ever ready to propose legisla¬ tion to gain popularity by hampering capital and thrift, showing by such acts either their socialistic tendencies or their cowardice.
While traveling on a train over one of our middle states last sum¬ mer I became engaged in conversation with a former legislator of that state, and who was then seeking reelection, on the question of the hindrances placed in the path of our American youth who desired to learn the trades, and although expressing himself as being opposed to any hindrance being placed in his way and considering it very wrong, yet he gave me to understand, when I put the question to him direct, that he would not dare to offer any bill that would antagonize trades unions or Knights of Labor, but would be willing to support a bill preventing these unions or their members from interfering with a youth desiring to learn a trade, if some other member introduced it. This does not look much like honest belief in our boasted American inde¬ pendence. Herein lies one of the great dangers to the future well¬ being of our republic in the existence of the truckling politician who is ready to be all things to all men that he may win votes and retain political power and patronage, and whose oath of office is a dead letter, ignored as soon as taken. There is not a spark of patriotism in the average political demagogue, and the youth of the nation need have little hope through him. His best hope is through an enlightened public sentiment, created by just such persons and organizations as are represented here today.
It is believed by almost every intelligent person that all should be taught to read and write, and have sufficient education to fit themselves for the responsibilities of American citizenship, and in response to that feeling we have compulsory laws on education in many of our states, and I am glad the feeling in favor of such laws is growing stronger, and I trust the time is not far distant when all our states will enact and enforce compulsory educational laws, and that there will be none in this broad land who will not know at least how to read and write. For the safety and preservation of the nation it is an absolute necessity that the great boon of the right of suffrage should have intelligence and education to direct the citizens in its discharge. It is also equally important that the state or nation should look after the industrial education of its people, when, as I have before shown, that its life and prosperity so largely depends upon it. The nation could not exist if all were scholars and no toilers. Of what use, in nine cases out of ten, would a book education be unless the youth of the country were given an opportunity to apply it in some industrial pursuit ? An education is a very dangerous possession to those who have no vocation in life. Charles Sumner said, ‘ ‘ Education without occupation is peril ; education with occupation is power.”
The youth of the nation must be taught in some way how to apply himself in the various industries of the country, and if he cannot be taught in sufficient numbers in the shops or at the building, then there must be provided an addition to every prominent educational institution of the land for the purpose of teaching some handicraft.
While in the train reading a paper I came across a speech by Colonel Ingersoll, and while differing in theology, I am in hearty sym¬ pathy with the following speech on useful education : “ The object of all education should be to increase the usefulness of man. Every human being should be taught that his first duty is to take care of himself, and that to be self-respecting he must be self-supporting. To live on the labor of others, either by force which enslaves, or by cun¬ ning which robs, or by borrowing or begging, is wholly dishonorable. Every man should be taught some useful art. This would give a feeling of independence, which is the firmest foundation of honor, of character. Every man, knowing that he is useful, admires himself. In all the schools children should be taught to work in wood and iron, to understand the construction and use of machinery, to become acquainted with the great forces that man is using to do his work. The present system of education teaches names, not things. It is as if we should spend years in learning the names of cards without play¬ ing a game. The more real education the less crime, and the more homes the fewer prisons.” The highest honors of the nation should
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
[Vol. XV. No. i
be given to the noble philanthropist, Mr. Auchmuty, who has set the example in this respect. And I am glad to know that there are other noble men following the example he has set. But these schools are not the equal of the shops or building, for the practical education of these young men. It is a step in the right direction, and if our laws were properly enforced, so that the youth, after securing a technical knowledge, in addition to what they have been able to learn of the trade would be allowed to go to work in the shop or on the building, the end of the next generation would see a vastly improved class of mechanics.
I am ready to concede the right of every man, and consider it his duty to better his condition so long as he does not interfere with the rights of others ; but for any man, or body of men, to set our laws in defiance, and endeavor to trample on the rights of others, our laws cannot be made too rigid, or punishment too severe for them, if we would preserve manhood and liberty. I can recollect the time when it was one of our boasts that every boy could learn a trade or craft without paying for such privilege, but things have changed. Young America today, if he gets a chance, has to get that privilege through the permission of organizations which are foreign and antagonistic to our liberties.
I would have the members of this convention consider very care¬ fully the industrial education of our youth, and agitate this'question until the youth of the land has the same freedom in this respect that he had thirty or forty years ago, before we were cursed with foreign isms. If possible, let us have laws passed to prevent any further interference with our rights. This republic was founded by men who rebelled against the tyranny of an imperious and unjust foreign monarch. Shall we now submit to the tyranny of numbers controlled by a few who are unscrupulous and thriftless ? The republic was saved and the union preserved by abolition of the polit¬ ical heresy that man had a right to hold his fellowman in bondage, and rob him of the fruit of his toil. Shall we now permit American youth born to liberty to be subject to a bondage more humiliating than African slavery, because it is a bondage of natural right and worthy ambition to the meanest kind of a master, possessed of a trinity of vices — selfishness, unrighteousness and cruelty ?
Is it not high time for a new Declaration of Independence ? Give Young America a chance !
Manual Training.*
BY J. G. MCCARTHY, OF CHICAGO.
THAT the National Association may justly bring this question within the scope of its mission will, it may be assumed, be con¬ ceded by all who have a thorough appreciation of the full mean¬ ing of the proposition. There is no other question of more import¬ ance to an association of builders than the one laid down. The influence of its adoption in the public schools would be more readily felt in the building trades than in any other. Perhaps the strongest arraignment that can be made against the present exclusively mental methods of the schools is the fact that they make little or no provision for the practical and skillful application of knowledge, and do not in any sense of the word actually do the things which have to be done by the great masses of the people in this everyday, matter of fact world about us. Books at best are but symbols of knowledge, and not knowledge itself, and are only a means of seeing through others’ thoughts indirectly many of the things which can be more readily learned by actual demonstration. That the present system neglects the plant for the sake of the flower is demonstrated by the fact that the principal education of life only begins on the termination of the school days, and in all the principal centers of population its pupils, with a finished education, are earnestly seeking for opportunities to obtain the necessary knowledge to fit them for life’s battles. It makes provision for the supplying of innumerable pulpitless preachers, briefless lawyers, doctors without a clientage and so-called business men who fail in all their undertakings, but neglects to take any note of the country’s greatest need, American skilled labor. To such an extent is this true, that the opinion entertained by the Church in early ages, “Education is a dangerous thing for the masses,” would seem to be literally true, for the reason that education, so-called, instead of inculcating the dignity and respectability of labor, and teaching its pupils in such a manner as to fit them to enter the world’s indus¬ trial pursuits, tacitly forces them into the disreputable speculative practices of the ‘ ‘ bucketshop, ” the gaming table and the race track. Into this high school feature of public education, but two and one-half, or at most three per cent of the total number of children attending public schools enters, and of this three per cent the ratio of males to females is as one to four. The ratio of expense per pupil, as compared with the lower grades, up to and including the grammar grade, as five to one, can consistently say through its management its pupils do not become carpenters, blacksmiths or servant girls ; but we cannot say that the carpenters and blacksmiths, aforesaid, do not bear the burden of conferring on its members of “polite society” these ornate accomplishments. What those who advocate the kinder¬ garten manual training and trade school features of education are contending for is a class of carpenters, blacksmiths and servant girls, if you will, of sufficient intelligence to take their places as teachers beside the antediluvian pedagogue, who would supply us with polite members of polite society, leaving us at the mercy of the communis¬ tic foreigner in the realms of skilled labor, and thus further, if it were possible, degrade the native-born American mechanic. Demon¬ strating the laxity of the present system does not, of itself, in any sense of the word constitute an argument in favor of any other par-
Taper read at the fourth annual convention of the National Association of Builders, at St. Paul, January 29, 1890, by D. V. Purington.
ticular form, but does show the necessity for reform in our educational methods. It therefore devolves upon those who are advocating the adoption of manual training in the public schools, to show that it will, in addition to meeting the objections to the present methods, be productive of the best results, from an educational point of view, that are obtainable under existing circumstances. Manual training has the indorsement of all the leading minds in the realms of education, and demonstrates by experience that a portion of the time spent in the practical application and use of things gives better results in every sense of the word than has been obtained in the past, through the exclusively mental methods of the present system. It teaches the dignity of labor by example, by combining the practical with the the¬ oretical, and enables its pupils to instruct themselves in the very thing which they will have to do on their journey through life. It is nat¬ ural education by practical means, and makes the acquirement of knowledge a pleasure by arousing the curiosity of youth, and thus inculcating on the mind at the most impressionable moment a love and respect for physical labor which can never be eliminated. It makes the intelligent American artisan the equal of the artist, and places in their true light the lesser, or industrial arts, as the world’s greatest civilizer. It exposes falsehood in a manner which cannot be done through words ; promises us great inventions rather than great men, and with one grand wave of its mighty arm eliminates from the land the opportunities of the money power to create class distinctions. It augments the ranks of labor from the native population of intelli¬ gent liberty-loving Americans, in contradiction to the ignorant vassals of foreign despotism, with no proper conceptions of the genius of republican institutions, and opens up, as it were, a new continent of opportunities to the heretofore neglected youth of our country, in the realms of skilled labor. Carlyle says: “Tools are the connecting link between barbarism and civilization,” and that “Man without them is nothing ; with them he is all powerful.” He again says : “Tools in the hands of intelligent men constitute the one great factor of civilization, in comparison with which all else sinks into obscur¬ ity.”
The manual training method, combining as it does, when prac¬ tical, the use of tools in connection with books, constitutes the sum- mum bonum of education in every sense of the word, and particularly does it commend itself to practical men in the business world as the one great means for bringing about the thing of all others which the “National Association of Builders” strives for, namely, a revivica- tion of apprenticeship on a basis of intelligence in harmony with the spirit of the age in which we live.
Perhaps the greatest anomaly of our multiform social fabric is the fact that the utility of manual and trade education is denied in our relations to the youth of the land and is recognized as the one all potent plan for making (what we should endeavor to make of the ris¬ ing generation) intelligent skilled artisans of the criminal classes. Prison statistics show that of the many unfortunate inmates of our jails and reformatory institutions only about five per cent are mechan¬ ics, and also that of the number who are taught trades during their term of imprisonment, but a very small proportion are ever commit¬ ted a second time. The greatest apparent obstacle to the introduc¬ tion of manual training in the public schools is the difficulty in obtain¬ ing competent teachers, or perhaps not competent teachers, but persons of sufficient intelligence to conduct conjointly the mental methods of the present system with the practical plan of manual training. Knowing, as we do, that the vast majority of the rising gen¬ eration will, of necessity, be forced into the very conditions of exist¬ ence which this method of education will prepare them for, it behooves the National Association to take a position in the front ranks of its advocates. Special rather than general education is becoming more and more the requirement of success in the world's various activities, and the members of this organization cannot consistently place them¬ selves in opposition to the plan which promises to give their sons and others the opportunity for obtaining, without the drudgery incident to the shop apprenticeship, the knowledge necessary to continue the successes achieved by their predecessors by long years of laborious toil and experience. We should then and at once demand of our educators the introduction of manual training, if not as a substitute for the high schools, at least as an auxiliary to them in the realms of education. If there is a necessity for the high schools there is surely a greater need for manual training, and the rank and file of the people who bear the greater part of the expense of the public school system are justified in demanding that provision be made for that system of education which will best fit their children for life’s duties. Let us, then, place ourselves on record as advocates of this heretofore latent means for developing American manhood in its broadest applied sense, and say to our young men, you shall have the opportunity given you to fit yourselves for life’s duties, not through the irksome and oftentimes disappointing channels of your necessity, which will give you in your youth what your fathers only acquired through years of toil and adversity. Then, indeed, can we truthfully say of the youth of our land,
Blest child of humanity, happiest man among men,
Who with hammer or chisel or pencil,
With rudder or plowshare or pen,
Laboreth ever and ever,- with hope,
Through the morning of life.
Winning home and its darling Divinities, love-worshiped children and wife.
Round swings the hammer of industry,
Quickly the sharp chisel rings,
And the heart of the toiler has Throbbing that stirs not the bosom of kings.
He the true ruler and conqueror,
He the true king of his race,
Who nerveth his arm for life's conflict And looks the strong world in the face.
February, 1890]
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
9
Fifth Annual Convention of the National Associa¬ tion of Builders.
HELD IN THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AT ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA, JANUARY 27, 28 AND 29, 1890.
FIRST DAY — MORNING SESSION.
THE fifth convention of the National Association of Builders of the United States of America convened in the hall of the Chamber of Commerce of St. Paul on January 27, at 10:30 a.m. The session was called to order by the president, E. E. Scribner, of St. Paul, who introduced the Rev. S. G. Smith, of St. Paul, who opened the proceedings with prayer.
The President : Those of our delegates who at the close of the Chicago convention made a short visit to St. Paul will remember and be glad, I am sure, to renew their acquaintance with our then (as now) mayor of the city of St. Paul, the Hon. R. A. Smith. And, by the way, although our convention has j'ust been opened by prayer by my friend and pastor, Dr. S. G. Smith, and you are about to be addressed by Mayor Smith, we beg to assure you that not all of our greatest and best men are named 1 ‘ Smith. ” (Laughter and applause. ) You will now be addressed by his honor, the mayor. (Great applause.)
The president then introduced Mr. Robert A. Smith, mayor of St. Paul, who made the following address of welcome :
We assure you, gentlemen, that we feel greatly honored this morning in your selecting this city for the convening of The National Association of Builders, representing, as you do, most of, if not all, the important cities of this country. You, gentlemen, are from and of the people, and have entered the list with other professions and trades in the race for fortune, and by your energy, ability and success have succeeded. No class of our citizens is more familiar with the inti¬ mate relations of capital and labor than you are, for the reason that you are practical business men.
We are informed that there will be much discussion by your association in relation to the question of labor, and that you will determine that question so far as your association can do so. The people of this city and all over the country are waiting with the hope that you will discuss the question fairly and for the best interest of the laboring man, and that other kindred associations will fall into line and that strikes and business depressions will soon be among the things of the past.
Permit me. gentlemen, in behalf of our citizens, to extend to you a cordial welcome and the freedom of the city during your stay with us. (Applause.)
The following address was then made by the president of the association, E. E. Scribner :
Gentlemen of the Convention, — It affords me great pleasure, as the rep¬ resentative of the Contractors’ and Builders’ Board of Trade of St. Paul, to add, on its behalf, a word of welcome to those already extended by our worthy mayor. Gentlemen, we trust that your short stay with us may prove both pleasant and profitable.
In the matter of your social entertainment, feeling our utter inability to offer such a varied and brilliant programme as that presented to previous conventions by the exchanges of larger and older cities, we were well content to show our loyalty to the National Association by acting in accordance with the recommen¬ dations of its Executive Committee on this subject, but we did think we held, in the proposed Winter Carnival, a trump card, to which even the most exacting econo¬ mist could not object, but we regret to say that the powers that be, represented by the chief signal officer at Washington, were too strong for us, in that for two winters past they have procured an extra supply of subterranean or other fuel, and so changed our heretofore cold and bracing climate, that thenceforth St. Paul and Minneapolis are to be known as winter resorts for blizzard-stricken New York, or the cyclone and storm-swept plains of Texas, Missouri, etc. (Applause.)
We are pleased to see gathered here many gentlemen who, representing their several exchanges at previous conventions, have learned to know, to trust and to believe in the earnest purpose, desire and ability of each to legislate intel¬ ligently for the upbuilding and improvement of, especially, all concerned, whether as employd or manual workman, in the erection and construction of buildings throughout the United States.
We also gladly welcome other representatives of affiliated bodies, whom we meet this morning for the first time in convention assembled, and trust that the acquaintance thus formed may prove both pleasant and valuable. But we feel that we have especial cause for congratulation in the evidence that the influence of this organization for good is spreading to and permeating every important point in this broad land of ours, afforded by the presence here of delegates from the local exchanges of some six or eight cities, which exchanges are either newly formed or have not heretofore affiliated with this body.
As your presiding officer, it is not my purpose to trench in any degree upon the report of our secretary, which he will read to you at a later hour, hence I refrain from any special or detailed reference to the work done by your repre¬ sentatives in the past or that which they now seek to accomplish.
The question is frequently asked by some member of a local exchange, some doubting Thomas, “What has been accomplished through our organiza¬ tion ? Of what value is it to us as a fraternity ? ” To such I would say that while our national association is a purely legislative body, while we have no power to enforce the adoption of our ideas and suggestions by the various affiliating bodies, while we are only permitted to recommend to them the fruits of our councils and deliberations, we have, nevertheless, accomplished much in the elevation and improvement of standard of thought and action among builders. We have grown ! We have become and are becoming, not contractors and manual workmen only, but thinking men, men who, in ascertaining our own power, in learning to respect ourselves, are earning and securing the respect and esteem of all the better classes, the right-thinking men of all professions and callings in the various localities in which we reside.
The work heretofore accomplished by this body having been, as stated, advisory, and in the form of recommendation rather than mandatory, the general principles thereby inculcated must have time in which to accomplish the work desired. Let us not be too impatient in looking for more apparent results.
I think, however, that no observing member of a local exchange affiliating with this body, himself actively engaged in a branch of the building trades and coming in frequent contact with capitalists and their architects, can fail to have noted a remolding of sentiment, a growing respect for the art of building and its faithful representatives — a more distinct recognition of the value of the builder in all that tends to promote the comfort, the happiness and welfare of the citi¬ zens of this great country. I think he must have noted that not only are we, as builders, coming to have greater faith in and respect for ourselves, but that our brother builder, the architect, is learning to respect and have faith in us and our honesty of purpose not only, but in our ability as well ; that in the preparation of plans and specifications for the use and guidance of the builder, in the rules and methods under which such builder is asked to estimate on the cost and value of construction proposed, in the general use and adoption of our “ Standard Con¬ tract,” we see ample evidence already that the suggestions made by this body are being favorably received and acted upon by the best exponents of the science of architecture in the country, and the fact is being recognized as never before our organization, that to the attainment of the best results in building, it is neces¬ sary that the designer and the artisan should work together, feeling that they are mutually dependent the one upon the other. (Applause.)
But for this organization and the earnest discussion by its membership of the apprenticeship question, and the needs in American youth in this direction, the seed
planted by Col. Auchmuty in New York would not so early have borne such rich fruit — its influence to spread and widen thence in the hands of earnest practical builders, till every city in which has been planted an exchange affiliating with this body shall have its well-fitted trade school as well, from whose portals shall graduate, not lawyers or doctors, but young men proud of the right to bear and honor the name of mechanic. (Applause.)
But for this organization and its efficient and hard working secretary, (applause) the builders of this country would not now be ably represented by an official paper, whose columns are teeming with thoughts and suggestions of greatest value to its clientage.
But for this organization, literally nothing would have been done to concen¬ trate and givedefinite expression to the views and opinions of those engaged in the various branches of the building trade as to their rights ; no steps would have been taken to enter the wedge of reform in any direction.
In closing I have but to remind the delegates here present as representatives of filial bodies of this National Association, that these yearly conventions of ours are but the opportunities for consultation together, for debate upon the most salient features of matters that concern the building fraternity at large, and for decision as to the general policy wisest for all to adopt.
The real work, the real result, the actual reform secured are, or should be, the work of the filial bodies during the year.
With this statement I will close, realizing that all the time at our disposal will be needed for the discussions and consultations to which I have referred.
The President : The first business before the convention is to appoint a committee on credentials. How shall that committee be appointed ?
Anthony Ittner, of St. Louis : Mr. President, I move you that a committee of five be appointed, to which committee shall be added the secretaries, to examine the credentials of the members of this convention.
The motion was adopted.
The president appointed as members of such committee Anthony Ittner, of St. Louis ; W. H. Albertson, of Philadelphia ; John J. Roberts, of New York; Lawrence Grace, of Cincinnati, and A. W. Murray, of Chicago.
Secretary W. H. Sayward : Mr. President, I desire to state that I have asked Mr. William Harkness, Jr., of Philadelphia, and Mr. Charles Voshall, of Rochester, to act as my assistants during this convention. I have several announcements here, Mr. President, which have lately come to my hands, to read :
St. Paul, January 27, 1890.
To The National Association of Builders of the United States:
The Industrial Union, of St. Paul, extend to your body a most cordial invita¬ tion to meet with them in this room this evening at 8 o’clock. We much desire an expression of your views as to the requirements for a manufacturing city or center, and also to become acquainted with you and to personally assure you of our hearty interest in your organization, as representing the leading manufactur¬ ing and building element of the country.
(Signed) _ Charles E. Marvin,
President of the St. Patil Industrial Union.
Pioneer Press Building Company, I St. Paul, January 25, 1890. f
Mr. H. R. P. Hamilton , Secretary of the Contractors' and Builders' Board 0/ Trade , St. Paul :
Dear Sir, — On behalf of the Pioneer Press Company I herewith extend an invitation to the delegates and visitors to the National Convention to be held in this city next week, to visit and inspect the new Pioneer Press building on Thurs¬ day morning, January 30, 1890. Very respectfully yours,
(Signed) Frederick Driscoll, Manager.
New York Life Insurance Building.
F. G. Draper, Chairman of the Committee of Entertainment , St. Paul, Minnesota :
Dear Sir,— Understanding that the members of the Contractors’ and Build¬ ers’ Board of Trade are to entertain the delegates and visitors to the National Convention, the New York Life Insurance Company respectfully invite you to visit the company’s building in this city at any time convenient to your board, when every opportunity will be given to obtain a view of the city as well as to inspect the building in all its details. Trusting you will accept this invitation, and assuring you that every courtesy will be extended to your guests, I am Very truly yours,
(Signed) V. C. Gilman, Superintendent .
Upon motion of Anthony Ittner, of St. Louis, it was ordered that the sessions of the convention commence each day at 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., and the session adjourned.
FIRST DAY — AFTERNOON SESSION.
The President : The first regular business in order is the report of the Committee on Credentials.
The report of the Committee on Credentials was presented by Mr. Ittner as follows :
Mr. President : Your Committee on Credentials beg leave to report that there are 119 delegates present, representing thirty-three states, as follows : Balti¬ more, 3 ; Boston, 7; Brooklyn, 2; Buffalo, 3 ; Chicago, 13; Cincinnati, 14; Cleve¬ land, 2; Denver, 3; Detroit, 3 ; East Saginaw, 2 ; Grand Rapids, 2 ; Indianapolis, 3 ; Kansas City, 5 ; Louisville, 2 ; Lowell, 3 ; Milwaukee, 4 ; Minneapolis, 3 ; New York, 8 ; Omaha, 3 ; Philadelphia, 7; Portland, 1; Providence, 3 ; Pittsburgh, 3; Rochester, 3 ; St. Joseph, 3 ; St. Louis, 6 ; St. Paul, 4 ; Sioux City, 2 ; Syracuse, 2 ; Washington, 4; Wheeling, 2; Wilmington, 2; Worcester, 2: total, 119. Total of exchanges represented, 33.
Your committee recommend that alternates and visitors be entitled to seats in the convention, but to have no voice or vote, except in the absence of regular delegates. Respectfully submitted,
Anthony Ittner, Chairtnan, St. Louis.
J. J. Roberts, New York.
Lawrence Grace, Cincinnati, Ohio.
A. W. Murray, Chicago, Ill.
William H. Albertson, Philadelphia, Pa.
On motion, the report was accepted.
The secretary then called the roll of the delegates, as follows :
Baltimore — E. L. Bartlett, W. F. Bevan, E. D. Miller.
Boston — William A. Sherry, Alonzo S. Drisco, James D. Mc- Lellan, Samuel Farquhar, George F. Sheppard, Melville C. Grant, William H. Sayward.
Brooklyn — Benjamin C. Miller, W. L. Gidden.
Buffalo — Edw. M. Hager, H. C. Harrower, M. J. Byrnes.
Charleston, S. C. — No delegates.
Chicago — George C. Prussing, delegate-at-large; D. V. Purington, George Tapper, W. H. Iliff, W. A. Murray, M. B. Madden, Francois Blair, James A. Miller, E. Earnshaw, H. J. Milligan, J. F. Barney, Thomas Moulding, F. V. Gindele.
Cincinnati— J. Milton Blair, George E. Mason, Archibald Colton.
Cleveland — Arthur McAllister, Robert H. Jenks.
Denver, Col.— A. J. Ripley, George F. Harvey, Charles W. Fair.
10
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
[Vol. XV. No. i
Detroit — Henry George, Alex Chopotow, Jr., William J. Staple- ton.
East Saginaw, Mich. — M. Winkler, J. H. Qualmann.
Grand Rapids, Mich. — John Rawson, H. E. Doran.
Indianapolis, Ind. — James E. Shoner, J. C. Adams, Joseph Ernst.
Kansas City — W. W. Taylor, Frank J. Shemmick, H. P. Stewart, W. A. Kelly, A. Suitermeister.
Louisville — Samuel P. Snead, John E. Carpenter.
Lowell, Mass. — James W. Bennett, B. S. Whitcomb, John A. Coggeshall.
Milwaukee — Garrett Dunck, L. J. Mueller, Clifford Chase.
Minneapolis-^— Barclay Cooper, Herbert Chalker, F. A. Fisher.
Newark, N. J. — No delegates.
New Haven, Conn. — No delegates.
New York — Marc Eidlitz, Richard Deeves, Charles A. Cowen, William C. Smith, John P. Roberts, John M. Canda, John McGlensey, Jacob Brown.
Omaha — Richard Smith, John A. Hart, G. J. Le Ville.
Philadelphia — William Harkness, Jr., Stacy Reeves, William Halbertson, David A. Woelpper, Peter Gray, F. A. Harris, William S. McGinley.
Portland, Me. — A. D. Smith.
Pittsburgh — T. J. Hamilton, Samuel Francis, William R. Stoughton.
Providence — Richard Hayward, James S. Hudson, Henry W. Goff.
Rochester, N. Y. — William H. Gorsline, J. H. Grant, Thomas W. Finucane, C. W. Voshall.
San Diego, Cal. — No delegates.
San Francisco — No delegates.
St. Joseph, Mo. — John DeClue, D. E. Marshall, R. M. Aber- crombe.
St. Louis, Mo. — Samuel Evans, Thomas J. Kelly, P. McGrath, Anthony Ittner, Thomas Mockler, Thomas P. McKelleget.
St. Paul— W. H. Ulmer, J. W. L. Corning, M. G. Craig, T. A. Abbott.
Sioux City — Frank Clark, F. F. Beck.
Syracuse, N. Y. — Henry F. Crawford, J. A. Isley.
Utica, N. Y. — No delegates.
Washington, D. C. — D. J. McCarty, Joseph Fanning, E. J. Hannan, Thomas J. King.
Wheeling, W. Va. — G. W. Beggs.
Wilmington, Del.- — Archibald S. Reed, John P. Allnend.
Worcester, Mass. — H. W. Eddy, C. D. Morse.
The President : The offering of resolutions is next in order. Such resolutions as you may desire to present will be offered by the chair¬ man of delegations in duplicate and in writing, and will be referred, in all cases where there be no objection, to the Committee on Resolu¬ tions.
The secretary then read a resolution from the New York delega¬ tion, which was referred to the Committee on Resolutions, as follows :
RESOLUTION SUBMITTED BY NEW YORK DELEGATION.
Whereas, During the first century of the history of the American nation, our people were blessed with an almost entire freedom from any labor disturbing ele¬ ments within its borders : and peace and prosperity attended our country in all things that insure domestic happiness and the wealth of a nation ; and
Whereas, Recent years have developed turbulent spirits and discontent, which threaten to mar and perhaps destroy both the peace and prosperity of our happy people ; and
Whereas, We believe that the present state of apparent discontent existing within fields of enterprise and labor, causing strikes and disturbance through a portion of our country, is not of a universal nature and deep-rooted in the American mind, but it is to a great extent attributable to a limited element within the great mass of the working people, which element is not capable of fully appreciating the blessings here enjoyed, for the reason of being educated in a different school of ethics and principles than that which is “ to the manner born ; ” and
Whereas, It is a duty that all good citizens of patriotic principles, and a worthy pride in the welfare and prosperity of our whole people, owe to them¬ selves individually and collectively to use their best efforts and most urgent endeavors to restore our disturbed and threatened business prospect to its here¬ tofore prosperous and peaceful condition ; therefore,
Resolved , That the executive board of the National Association of Builders be and is hereby instructed to consider the practicability of organizing local and state societies, and a national society, composed of employes and employers of all trades and callings of the working people, with a view to bringing them into closer communion with each other in relation to employment, labor and compen¬ sation, and to disseminate among them, by publications and lectures or any other educating processes deemed advisable, a true appreciation of the American idea, founded upon a unity of the people, in respect to the laws of our land, the require¬ ments of good citizenship, and the immediate laws which control their welfare and success in life under a republican government, without regard to race or religion.
The president announced that the report of the secretary was next in order, and thereupon the secretary presented his report.
THE SECRETARY’S REPORT.
The position of the secretary of this association is so peculiarly unique that it is hardly possible to make an ordinary report which shall be thoroughly comprehensive. The secretary is the only official receiving payment for his services ; therefore it is expected that he shall devote an appreciable amount of his time to the affairs of the association. Indeed, the constitution particularly stipulates that he “must be able to give sufficient time to the association to effi¬ ciently carry out its purposes.” This last phrase, here. quoted from the consti¬ tution, is an index to what I mean by the unique character which attaches to this particular secretaryship in contradistinction to the secretaryship of other associa¬ tions. In most positions of this character the secretary is simply a secretary in the usual acceptation of that name ; and while it will always be most true that the secretary of any organization may expect to be called upon for all sorts of service, it is the only case on record, to my knowledge, where the secretary is made so distinctly responsible for the efficient accomplishment of the designs of an association.
Whether the framers of the constitution realized how much of a responsibil¬ ity they were so conspicuously placing upon an officer who usually occupies a semi-subordinate position, or whether they foresaw that such must be the neces¬ sary sequence of our form of organization, I cannot fully say ; but it is, however, a fact that your secretary, whose hair has become prematurely gray in his three
years of service, has found the duties of his position growing more and more varied in character until it is impossible to speak of them as comprehended in that clerical significance which the term of “ secretary ” usually implies.
It must be borne in mind that the functions of this association were at the outset acknowledged to be an “ unknown quantity,” so to speak. The desira¬ bility of the organization was enthusiastically admitted, but just how its powers might be best exercised and applied, in just what direction its influence should be exerted, it was readily seen must be developed by study and trial. It has been natural to permit the task of exploration, experiment and development to fall largely into the hands of the secretary, and as “time and the hour ” have brought certain demands to the surface, it has been equally natural to permit him to meet them to the best of his ability. In thus referring to the extent and variety of his task, your officer does not intend to complain, but simply desires that you may understand how it happens that a secretary’s report covers so much more ground than usual, and how it happens to contain so much in the way of suggestion for the future, that ordinarily would not be thought within the province of such a functionary.
If by force of circumstances your secretary has been permitted and often obliged not only to act as scribe for the association, but also in its behalf to act as interpreter, guide, philosopher and friend to those whose adherence was desired, or who came seeking counsel and information, then he must be permitted at the close of the year to give you not only the bare facts of his record, but also his experience in endeavoring to efficiently carry out the various recommenda¬ tions of the association, his views as to its present status and the status of filial bodies, and the opportunities and duties of the future.
In the first place it is desirable that the convention should be informed as to the present status of the association, as compared with previous years. At the first convention, for organization, at Chicago, twenty-seven cities were repre¬ sented by delegates from various builders’ associations. At the second conven¬ tion, at Cincinnati, twenty-six exchanges were represented. At the third and last convention, at Philadelphia, twenty-eight exchanges were represented, all of which have maintained their relation in accordance with the constitution.
There have been seven very important additions to our membership. Den¬ ver, Colo., Omaha, Neb.. Lowell, Mass., Pittsburgh, Pa., Louisville, Ky., Wheel¬ ing, W. Va., Portland, Me. Our membership now comprehends exchanges or associations of builders in thirty-five of the principal cities of the country. While this is a large representation and most significant from the fact that nearly all of the large communities of the country are included, there are still many cities which should be represented, notably in the southern section of the country, which makes but a poor showing with us ; particularly when the enormous devel¬ opment and growth which has been going on there for the last five or ten years, is taken into consideration.
The condition of the local bodies is on the whole much more vigorous than a year ago ; and in addition to this many new exchanges have been organized which will undoubtedly soon lend us their aid, support and counsel, if they have not already done so. Of the seven associations newly represented at this con¬ vention, six of them may be fairly stated as freshly organized since our last meeting at Philadelphia. Another very noticeable and promising feature is the steps that are being taken by some of the older filial bodies to remodel or reor¬ ganize upon a more satisfactory and permanent basis. This rehabilitation of the older associations, and the establishment of new ones upon lines which expe¬ rience has shown to be safest and most effective, is most significant and encour¬ aging ; for the carrying out of the recommendations of the National Association, and the securing of the benefits to be derived from its labors, depends entirely upon the strength and permanency of the local bodies and the activity and intelli¬ gence with which they apply the general policy and principles prepared and pro¬ mulgated by the central body.
In this connection it is appropriate to refer to the growing interest in the formation of exchanges all over the country. No week has passed during the year in which letters have not been received making particular inquiry as to the best methods for forming exchanges, and asking to be informed on all points relative to usefulness of such bodies, and how connection may be obtained with the National Association. This is indicative of a healthy growth of the idea of association, and as such has received a very large share of attention and encouragement from the secretary. The correspondence has not been con¬ fined to one section, but has come from all quarters, even including certain localities in the South, which has previously been referred to as lacking in the representation which we ought to have from that part of the country. This condition of things, if properly assisted and encouraged, will be productive of many new associations in the near future, all of which will undoubtedly affil¬ iate with us, and thus strengthen and increase the effectiveness of the National Association.
During the year communications have been received from other national associations, suggesting the feasibility of joining with this body, and taking part in its deliberations ; but up to the present time such an alliance has not seemed desirable or proper under our existing form of organization. Our present oppor¬ tunity is large and comprehensive and with so wide a field of work yet undevel¬ oped there would seem to be no advantage in making absolute connection which might result in future embarrassment. In this connection it will be appropriate to refer to the interest and satisfaction in the work which we have 'Undertaken, that have been manifested by other organizations, by private individuals, and by newspapers and periodicals all over the country. To these latter, the associa¬ tion is under great obligation for the generous treatment received at their hands, and the wide publicity which has been given to our proceedings.
To The Inland Architect, of Chicago, this association has from the first been particularly indebted for the most hearty and thorough cooperation, and it is fitting that it be thus publicly recognized and acknowledged.
At the time of our last convention, at Philadelphia, the Public Ledger of that city exhibited the most marked generosity toward us, not only giving full detailed reports of all our proceedings in its columns, but supplying all delegates and other visitors with copies of each issue free of charge, besides offering many other courtesies to delegates, during their visit.
All of the specific orders of the last convention have been duly carried out. Five thousand copies of the official detailed report of the third convention have been printed and distributed to all filial bodies, and also to many other kindred associations, not only in this country, but in foreign countries, where correspond¬ ence and exchange of printed matter has been established. In this connection it is interesting to note that many societies and private individuals, here and in Europe, have made special requests for our documents and reports. From the Public Library of London a request was recently received for all documents issued or to be issued by this body, statement being made that they were fre¬ quently inquired for by students and others interested in economic questions, as well as by builders. The most recent communication in this line was a long and interesting letter from the Builders’ and Contractors’ Association of Bris¬ bane, Queensland, Australia, which stated that their attention had been called to our important body, and that to assist them in forming a similar organization for their country, they appealed to us for advice and counsel. The letter recited some of the improper conditions to which builders in Australia were subjected, which was startlingly like those with which we are familiar, and closed with expressing the hope that as the interests of builders are identical everywhere, and as their efforts were to be directed toward elevating and improving the con¬ dition of the building fraternity, that we would not deny them the help which the weak always had a right to expect from the strong. It is, perhaps, needless to say that your secretary extended to the Australian builders, in behalf of this association, the right hand of fellowship, and in sending them every sort of doc¬ ument, record and advice within his reach, assured them that the National Asso¬ ciation of Builders of the LTnited States of America felt the strongest bond of brotherhood with builders everywhere, and would do its utmost to aid and assist them.
Large editions of Colonel Aucliinuty’s address on “Trade Training,” of Mr. Hatfield's address on “The Relation of the Architect to the Builder,” and of the secretary’s address on “The Advantages and Opportunities of Builders’ Exchanges,” have also been printed and distributed to filial bodies. There has been a large demand, also, for these pamphlets from localities where new bodies have been in process of formation, and where older societies, not yet connected with us, were seeking for information as to the work we are doing.
During the year an important step has been taken to assist in carrying out the purposes and recommendations of the association. This step has been the monthly distribution of the official utterances of the National Association front
February, 1890]
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
11
the secretary’s department, in the form of a periodical, the business manage¬ ment and financial responsibility of which has been assumed by a firm of pub¬ lishers with headquarters in Boston, and a branch office in Chicago.
The editorial department has been entirely controlled by the association, through the secretary as editor, so that the paper has been wholly devoted (aside from the advertising department) to the interests of this body. It has been sent monthly since August i, 1889, to every individual member of each filial body, as an official document of the National Association, with no cost entailing either to individuals or to the local exchanges. Neither has the National Association been involved in any cost, although reaping a very great benefit therefrom. It is the desire of the Executive Committee that individual members receiving this period¬ ical should understand that they are not expected to pay anything additional on that account, their subscription being virtually covered in the annual pro rata assessment paid into the national treasury by the local bodies. Subscriptions will, however, be taken by the publishers from persons not connected with the National Association ; indeed, they will not refuse to take subscriptions frommem- •bers, should they be offered in the spirit which has been frequently manifested by some members who have insisted upon paying for the paper, and have accompanied their remittance with the most friendly expressions of the value which the paper has for them personally. Such subscriptions will be accepted by the publishers in the same spirit in which they are sent, for every little helps, and it is well known that the early days of establishing a periodical are far from profitable. In this connection it may be well to state that this paper offers exceptional oppor¬ tunity as an advertising medium to parties who wish to bring their goods to the attention of those who are directly engaged in building operations, and as the association is getting a very substantial benefit at no cost, it seems no more than fair to bespeak for the publishers, who depend for their remuneration on adver¬ tising patronage, the aid of each and every member of the association in this direction.
Although the assumption of the editorial department of the paper has brought a new and arduous duty to the secretary, he has gladly undertaken the work, for the reason that it affords an opportunity to thoroughly disseminate the principles and purposes of the National Association, which has been sorely needed in the past, and which was practically unattainable by any other means. One of the most discouraging features of the secretary’s work during the three years of our existence has been the utter impossibility of conveying information to the many communities of builders already represented in the central body, with regularity and efficiency, giving them assurance that their officers were faith¬ fully carrying out the work intrusted to them, as well as presenting to them new features and arguments in relation to forms already undertaken, or suggesting other measures worthy of adoption. This opportunity is amply provided in this monthly official document, and there is no question but what it will prove of ines¬ timable value. As one- correspondent has happily expressed it, “ Reforms can only be secured by constant hammering, and an official paper furnishes just the opportunity for this persistent and necessary work.” Each particular undertak¬ ing of the National Association is given a special department, under which everything relative to it, either in the way of correspondence or editorial argu¬ ment, may always be found, thus keeping the matter fresh in the minds of all. Filial bodies are asked to give monthly reports of all matters occurring in their vicinity, either of local or general importance to builders, and a department is specially assigned for these reports. As yet the full significance of this oppor¬ tunity is not sufficiently realized, and too often the space allotted to a filial body has contained simply the words, “ Noreport this month.” This, however, will be corrected in time, and eventually the pages will be fully occupied with interesting reports from secretaries, of the methods, successes, disasters, doubts, fears, expe¬ riences and questioning which have been adopted by, moved and excited their constituencies. Besides this the editorial columns are freely opened to each and every individual in any way connected or interested in the National Association ; indeed, the secretary especially urges upon all the great advantage it will be to our interests if members will take this opportunity to present their views on any and every question of interest to the building fraternity. By this means their thoughts and arguments will be placed before a large and select audience, and will without question excite that free and full discussion so vital to the correct solution of any problem.
The opportunity offered by this paper of widely spreading our views and our work into new fields, cannot be overvalued. In years past the letters which have come flooding in upon the secretary, filled with all sorts of questions as to organization of local bodies, their work, their functions, and hundreds of other ideas and queries which are sure to present themselves, have had to be answered as fully as the limitations of one man’s capacity would permit. Sometimes the answers would have to be ten times as voluminous as the letters which pro¬ cured them, and would after all reach but one individual. Now, by means of this official paper a single editorial covering a point at issue, or a general state¬ ment as to organization or work, or the purpose of the National Association, reaches thousands and is readily available to send to new inquirers. It readily can be seen how much more successfully and thoroughly the affairs of the asso¬ ciation can be administered and how much wider its influence extends through the use of this piece of machinery. Its value is only partially comprehended at present, but enough has already been demonstrated to show that it must always remain prominent as one of our chief as well as one of our cheapest working forces.
The secretary, as editor of this paper in behalf of the National Association, would particularly and specially urge upon all members that they send to him at every opportunity suggestions and thoughts in relation to the many subjects which are under manipulation. In the Uniform Contract department, items showing the inconsistencies and hardships imposed upon contractors under the multiform system of contracts, that system which presents a different form in every architect’s office. In the apprenticeship or trade school department, such information, argument and encouragement as will gradually lead to the establish¬ ment of this system upon a permanent basis, under the direction and control of the employing mechanics. In the “ Code of Practice,” statements showing the multitude of directions in which reforms are needed in existing customs between contractor and owner, as well as between contractors themselves, to the end that a more thorough and complete understanding may be obtained as to the rights of all, and contractors be gradually educated into more thorough business practices in all their relations so that better and safer conditions may finally prevail.
Another field of labor to which the secretary has been called to devote con¬ siderable time and attention during the year, may be fittingly described as mis¬ sionary work. In this department there has been so much demand that every moment of the secretary’s time since the last convention might have been profita¬ bly devoted to it. This, of course, it has been impossible to do, but a very con¬ siderable amount of effort has been expended in this direction with very satisfac¬ tory and happy results. Without taking up the time of the convention by going specifically into details, it will be sufficient to say that something over twelve thousand miles have been traveled and exchanges visited in thirty-five cities dur¬ ing the year. In most of these cities exchanges had been organized prior to the visit of the secretary, but in a few cases it was the initial step of a new associa¬ tion. The value of such work as this is difficult to describe in the limit of a report which must cover a great deal of ground, but it can readily be understood that where exchanges are comparatively new and the membership does not thor¬ oughly grasp either the usefulness of the exchange idea, or the large opportunity for improvement which comes through the union of many individual interests in oiie association, that a visit from some outside person who comes as an official of a central organization, armed with a wide experience in such affairs, will do an amount of good in the way of awaking interest, and giving encouragement, much beyond the particular ability of the missionary. It is a fact that a man who may be considered in his own city as a person of ordinary caliber, will often prove to be of very considerable value as a visitor in other cities. The old saying that “ a prophet is never without honor save in his own country ” is quite applicable in this connection. A new voice, a fresh personality, the presentation of new ideas or old ideas in a new dress, or suggestions of different character from those which we have become accustomed to, have an attraction and an influence which all acknowledge, and the secretary has no hesitancy in saying that abundant proof has been given that the work of this character.which he has been called upon to do, has resulted in an infinitely greater amount of good in exciting new interest, awaking new thought, and impelling toward better conditions, than could possibly be accounted for by any particular ability displayed by him. But newly organized bodies are not the only ones capable of being benefited by visita¬ tions of this character. Old bodies need electrifying sometimes, and often may
be startled into new vitality and fresh vigor, and this also has been one of the duties of your missionary. The places which would have been glad to receive such personal service as this, but which have had to be denied on account of lack of time and strength at my disposal, have been labored with and for through extensive correspondence, of which our voluminous letter files and copy books bear ample testimony.
In the line of statistics the secretary has been obliged to confine himself to the same restricted ground as last year. It is utterly impossible, without very much greater clerical assistance than has been available, to adequately cover the ground in this department, which, no doubt, many would think desirable. My researches show that there is a very considerable increase in associations more or less related to the building business, over those which I reported a year ago. I now have record of the following :
National associations. Sectional associations.
State associations .
City associations .
Canadian associations.
Total .
33, an increase of 20
■ 34. “ 19
■ 73. “ 13
•372. “ 35
. 29, “ 9
.541, total increase 96
Giving as a total in the United States and Canada 541 associations, an increase over those reported last year of 20 per cent.
Some of this increase may be accounted for by the fact that the existence of certain bodies had not been traced at time of last report, but it is a fact that a large proportion of the increase is entirely new. With this very bald statistical report the Association will have to be satisfied if not content, for even to secure this much information the secretary has had to encroach upon time which it is doubtful he was authorized to use, when to do so other and more important mat¬ ters may have been neglected.
While confining this report largely to generalities, it is, perhaps, proper to refer to one particular effort which is of special importance, and a little outside of the usual trend of the Association work. Early in the year attention was called to the fact that the United States government plans which used to be deposited with the exchanges in our principal cities for the convenience of builders in mak¬ ing estimates, had suddenly been withdrawn. Correspondence was immediately opened with the Treasury Department to secure a renewal of the old custom, which correspondence maybe found in detail in the columns of the official organ. No favorable result has yet followed, the department claiming that they have not funds enough to permit this placing of plans. This reply seems a little incon¬ sistent, but the whole matter has been placed in the hands of the Legislative Committee, in the hope that they may prepare a bill for this convention to approve and take action to secure its presentation to congress, so that funds enough may be appropriated to reestablish this custom which helps to emphasize the importance of our associations, and gives opportunity to estimate on such work to so many of our members.
The secretary is unable to report as yet much progress in the direction of our trade school system of preparing and training mechanics. The Philadelphia Exchange is the only one of our filial bodies which has taken any steps toward practically setting up a training school of the kind approved in our previous action. It is with great regret that this lack of action is reported, for of all the undertakings of this body, this one, which involves the systematic training of mechanics in the various trades, is one which should awaken the keenest interest and the most definite and immediate work on account of the pressing needs. Our plan as adopted at Cincinnati, amended and again adopted at Philadelphia meets the heartiest approval of that earnest student and practical worker in this field, Colonel Auchmuty, and he naturally feels somewhat uneasy because our efforts have not as yet produced more practical results. This much, however, may be said in explanation of the apparent inertness in this direction : The plan or system is a radical change from anything previously existing, and it takes time and con¬ tinual hammering to produce anything like substantial results, no matter in what field or how important the reform may be, and these facts together with that already referred to, that builders’ associations have hardly awakened to their capabilities for work as yet, conspire to delay the consummation which is devoutly wished and hoped for by all. We must possess our souls with patience, but we must also persistently work in this direction.
There has not been much energy displayed or much success attained in the agitation or establishment of ‘‘the code of practice which should prevail when estimates are being submitted by contractors in the building trades,” which code was adopted at the last convention. Filial bodies have failed to realize to any great extent, that the rights of which they have been bereft will not be restored to them without persistent effort on their part. They have not yet learned that a determination to secure just and proper conditions will surely result in obtaining them. It remains an indisputable fact that architects as a class do not seem to consider that the contracting mechanic has any rights which they are bound to respect, and they act accordingly. For this condition of things the contractors themselves are largely responsible, but they have not as yet awakened enough to a proper sense of their powers to insist upon the acceptance of the code recom¬ mended by this body.
There being a special committee on the subject of the uniform contract, it will not be appropriate to refer more than incidentally to the progress made in this department. The observation of the secretary is that the establishment of this standard form is slow but sure ; that its thorough adoption depends more upon the contractors themselves than anyone else, and that they can surely obtain its use, if they persistently call for it. He is also more thoroughly convinced than ever, by the experience of the past year, that the benefit to the building fraternity generally of this single act of the National Association is so immense already that all expenditure of time and money involved in procuring our organ¬ ization, and maintaining it thus far, has been returned a thousandfold, and when the advantage to all builders for the future is contemplated, the grand result is simply impossible of comprehension.
The work of the year has now been rapidly summarized, and as intimated in the opening of this report, a little space in closing will be devoted to the
PROMISE OF THE FUTURE.
The inquiry is not infrequently made, what can there possibly be left for the National Association to do, what need is there for such an organization in the future ? We have acted upon the apprentice question, oh the uniform contract question, on the lien law question, on the labor question, on the code of practice for estimating, etc., now what in the world is there left to do ? To all such queries I make answer: The National Association has really only just begun its work, it has merely outlined some of the most prominent of the domains in which its real work is now to be entered upon, has practically only called attention to the opportunities for united action, specifying certain particulars in evidence that there is warrant for believing that in these things there is the most immediate and pressing need of persistent action. To all such queries I reply : True, we have formulated our opinions to a certain extent upon some of the more con¬ spicuous needs of builders in their business, and in the conduct of their work, but we have in reality hardly done more as yet than turn the glare of our search¬ light upon these needs, and but little has thus far been accomplished in securing the results desired.
Let no one imagine that all is done when we have simply advanced far enough and have devoted time enough in considering our rights and needs, to put into definite declaration what we conceive them to be, these steps are indeed neces¬ sary but they are but preliminary. To correct the lien laws or secure their final abolition ; to establish thoroughly and permanently an intelligent system of training boys and young men to become skilled workmen ; to obtain a reasonable and safe solution of the labor question, so that organizations of employers and organizations of workmen may act harmoniously to their mutual benefit, instead of being in constant antagonism ; to secure the general adoption of a standard form of contract, so that the system of agreements for building work may be uniform everywhere, and the contracter be assured thereby of protection in this most important part of his business relations with the owner; to thoroughly establish a fair and equitable code of practice in the matter of estimating, in place of the indefinite no-system which at present prevails to the constant injury- and loss of the contractor ; to do all these things and the multitude of others that are constantly coming to the surface is no undertaking of a few years, indeed, it can never be said that^these things have been accomplished for good and al and have been so entrenched that they can be left to take
12
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
[Vol. XV. No.
care of themselves. The youngest of us here present will not live long enough to see the day when the work of the National Association may be declared finished, and its services no more needed. There will be, no doubt, times when less enthusiasm may be expected, as is natural in all affairs, either public or private, either of social or business nature, but to be the instrument of benefit and value which its declaration of principles announces, to really create better conditions for the building fraternity, the National Association must be looked upon as an institution, an institution as permanent and abiding as any of the institutions which guard and guide the interests of communities. The reforms which we as business men particularly need to secure and the conditions which we particularly desire should prevail, will not be obtained or maintained for us by any of the existing machinery or methods of government, either munic¬ ipal, state, or national. We have a domain of our own, entirely distinct and apart, in which we must establish a domestic economy of our own, and sustain it by ourselves and for ourselves, for the reason that no one else will do it for us, and sustain it continuously for the reason that no forms of government or direc¬ tion, however perfect in their conception and complete in their parts, can be left to run themselves. Machinery needs constant attention to keep it in condition to do the service expected, and a neglected oil-feed, or a loose nut or washer will quickly cause serious damage. A garden, however beautifully it may have been prepared, if neglected, soon goes to seed, and “things rank and gross in nature possess it merely.”
The work before the National Association is simply immense, and those who have been studying the problem with the closest scrutiny are truly overwhelmed with the amount and variety of the service which it may properly be called upon to render. The National Association must be an educator, and to be an educator must educate itself; put itself into condition to be able to convey instruction and information to all its filial dependencies and adherents. This field for work is as wide as the country. Take matters as they exist today, and it may truly be said that few cities have exchanges of builders that are even organized in a form which makes possible a high order of attainment ; and I think I do not misstate the situation when I say that. the very best of our local bodies have not as yet fairly started upon their legitimate career of usefulness, and have not begun to develop the strength, or take the position as representative associations, to which they are entitled.
The reorganization of existing associations and the establishment of new ones on the most approved lines, is fitting work for the National Association, and no one knows better than your secretary the tremendous amount of work which will be necessary before even a small percentage of the cities and towns of this im¬ mense country of ours will be blest with exchanges of builders properly organized and equipped for the attainment of desired results. Then there is tire constant “coaching” and oversight of local bodies to produce and stimulate growth, to preserve and obtain those reforms for the benefit of the individual builder which the central body has outlined and recommended. If anyone thinks that there is not an immense amount of legitimate and valuable work for the National Associa¬ tion, work which cannot be done by any other agency; if he thinks that the National Association should not eventually become a permanent institution, with a corps of able men to guide and direct its various departments, then let him stand in the secretary’s place, and look through his eyes upon the prospect that lies before him, let him make a missionary tour or two, let him read the thousands of letters which come pouring in showing how much work is needed, how much help is craved from all sections, and perhaps he may realize for the first time that the secretary’s task has even in these early days been no sinecure, and may also realize that the statement that we have but begun our work is abso¬ lutely true.
I appreciate the fact that the ever present question of the great expense of main¬ taining the National Association will be brought forward in this connection as an important factor, and one which might seriously disturb the permanent establish¬ ment referred to. The great and manifest gains which we have obtained and are to obtain, are and will be distributed so quietly, so naturally, that the individuals benefited, not even crediting the agency which has procured these benefits, will too often begrudge the pittance which they return to support their benefactor, and continue it in its good work. It seems cheap and petty to spend any time in argument in regard to this question of expense of supporting the National Associa¬ tion, when we know so well that the expense to each individual contractor, up to the present time, has not been greater than three-fourths of a cent per day. But I am constrained to do so, knowing how much breath is apt to be wasted over a really insignificant matter of expense, such as I have shown ours to be, and be¬ cause I think I may predict a future condition of things, wherein each filial body, instead of contributing to the funds of the National, will in effect be draw¬ ing cash dividends by virtue of their connection with it, in addition to all the other advantages obtained. To describe how this is to be accomplished would be trespass on the domain of one of our important committees which is to report later, but I may be permitted to anticipate that report to the extent of saying that when the plans of the Builders’ Surety Committee are fully consummated, as they certainly will be, each filial body will find its treasury annually enriched to an extent commensurate to the amount of capital stock apportioned to it by the National Association, which apportionment will be established on the absolutely fair basis of the membership in each filial association. The National Associa¬ tion will thus not only fulfill its grander purpose of combining the forces of local bodies for the securing and maintaining of better relations and conditions in all departments of the building business, but will also provide opportunity for its children (the filial bodies) to reap a financial benefit, which, though denied to itself, it can secure and continue to them perpetually, through the machinery which its own existence creates, and which will only cease to be available when the filial bodies neglect the central body. A complete system is offered, similar to that of the human body, where the heart sends the life-blood throbbing to all the extremities, strengthening and building all the way, and is itself renewed and strengthened for its work, continually, by the return of vigor and life to the cen¬ tral reservoir.
This will be an appropriate place to say a word or two in relation to the administration of the affairs of the N ational Association. The time is near at hand (I think it has already come) when the amount of labor to be done in the various departments, particularly under the new dispensation to which I have just referred, will demand larger and better working forces, amply paid for their service. Your present secretary long ago reached the l-irnit of his ability and endurance. The demand has proved so varied and exacting that it has been a physical as well as a mental impossibility to meet it. No one man, in my opinion, can carry all the burden and responsibility, together with the increase sure to come, and the man for the arduous duties of the secretary’s position, in the new regime (which should be immediately established), must be endowed with peculiar qualifications, which I am conscious that I do not possess. I may have served well enough as an organizer, as an “apostle” (as I believe I was once called in Chicago), but a bigger and an abler man is needed for the great future that lies before this association. Pick him out now, at this convention, in order that he may become familiar with the work already under way, and prepare for the larger and newer work to come.
I desire to suggest, just here, something which has frequently been in my mind, but to which I have never given utterance. I think we shall find in the future that the annual convention is not sufficient for the needs of the association ; and, for the purpose of bringing the principal officers into closer relations with the constantly increasing constituencies, for the purpose of more frequent consulta¬ tion and counsel, I recommend that there be a mid-year meeting of the officers, directors and standing committees. I am strongly of the opinion that this will be a wise move.
It is hard to find a place to close such an effusion as this, which advertises itself as a “report,” and yet wanders off into the domain of the president and all other existing departments with the utmost freedom ; but it must be accepted as the peculiar product of a peculiar combination of circumstances and responsibili¬ ties, no portion of which could be avoided or neglected in order that the proper amount of information might be imparted.
I cannot conclude without reiterating my opening statement that the work of the association has but begun ; that few of us have, as yet, more than the faintest conception of the amount of beneficent opportunity before it, or comprehend in our vision more than a fraction of the thousands of special questions which need the careful investigation and thoughtful development which only time, experience and persistence can secure.
This congress of builders is to mean in the future as much to the business which we represent as the United States Congress does to the larger and more
varied interests of the nation, doing for us what no other general form of govern¬ ment or direction can. We should constantly and earnestly study its principles, and consecrate our best efforts to secure the establishment of its practices, so that we may not only make it of inestimable value to ourselves, but may leave it as a rich legacy to those who come after us.
The President : The report of the treasurer is next in order. George Tapper, of Chicago, made the following report :
Mr. President and gentlemen of the National Association of Builders: I here¬ with submit my report as treasurer for the year ending January 27, 1890. Con¬ densed report : Cash on hand as per report last annual convention, 83.33 ; receipts from 26 exchanges on pro rata assessment of 82 per capita. $5,816 ; received from 5 exchanges, admission fees, $75 ; receipts for additional pamphlets, 85 ; total, 85.894-33-
Per contra : Salary of secretary, 83,000 ; printing, 81,366.69 ; traveling expenses of our secretary, 8473 ; stenographic report of third annual convention at Phila¬ delphia, Sr2i ; stenographer and typewriter, S422 ; postage, telegrams and station¬ ery, $370.39 ; collecting 10 checks, $1.90; total disbursements, $5,753.98; balance on hand, $145.35. Respectfully submitted,
George Tapper, Treasurer.
On motion, the reading of a detailed report was dispensed with, and the treasurer’s report as read was accepted.
George C. Prussing, chairman of the Committee on Uniform Contracts, presented the following report, which was adopted ;
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UNIFORM CONTRACTS.
To the National Association of Builders :
The “ Standard Contract ” was adopted in June, 1888, by a joint committee representing the American Institute of Architects, the Western Association of Architects, and the National Association of Builders.
Aside from the fact that the copyright of the form adopted has been taken in the name of the joint committee, constituting it a hody corporate, each association represented recognized the necessity of lodging authority somewhere to review, change and amend said form as imperfections might be perceived and the necessity of amendment acknowledged. Hence each convention made the Committee on Uniform Contracts one of its standing committees, and criticisms and suggestions for improvements were invited by the chairman of the three sub¬ committees ; each from members of the body by him represented.
Numerous communications, comments and suggestions have been received, some valuable, some impractical. All of them havebeen preserved, all carefully considered, and for each your committee does hereby desire to return its thanks. Only by full and fair discussion, and the compilation of our experience and the decisions and interpretations of courts, wherever made — in short, by the active cooperation of all — can we hope to approximate perfection. In the nature of things this discussion, hereby cordially invited, must be by written communica¬ tion to your committee, so that it may be properly presented to the joint com¬ mittee when assembled.
The forip remains unchanged as yet, because in the judgment of your committee no changes, except for weighty reasons, should be made — for a time at least. The uniformity of the instrument, the fact that it is the “Standard” form, is its greatest strength and value, and this might possibly be impaired by frequent or trivial changes in its text.
The unprejudiced acknowledge the fairness and even-handed justice of its provisions to both parties to the instrument, the owner and the builder. The defi¬ nite acknowledgment and appointment of the architect as agent of the owner defines his position clearly and unmistakably ; takes it out of the realm of misty speculation and uncertainty, so often indulged in heretofore, which has proved so fruitful of lawyers’ arguments and efforts to befog courts, _until quite a num. ber of architects are seriously in doubt as to their relation to the parties.
But perhaps the best comment on the work of the joint committee is contained in the report of the publishers that thus far 70,000 copies of the “ Standard Con¬ tract” have been used, and that sales are increasing.
While apparently large, the sales are not what they should be, and doubtless will be, when the builders of this country fully realize the advantage the uni¬ versal adoption of a uniform contract will be, and that they, as a party to the contract about to be executed, have a right to the choice of form. Time and a greater familiarity with its provisions, through articles and discussions in that most valuable auxiliary, the Builders' Exchange, edited by our untiring co-laborer for the advancement of the builder, Mr. W. H. Sayward, of Boston, will doubtless bring it into greater and ever-increasing demand. Indeed the value of a publication of this kind, discussing fully and fairly all matters of interest to the builder, wherever his domicile, and reaching him regularly, cannot be over¬ estimated.
Since our last convention, one of the organizations represented in the joint committee has ceased to exist.
Your committee sent the following letter :
Chicago, December 13, 1889.
Joh n IV. Root, Esq., Secretary American Institute of Architects, Rookery, Chicago:
Dear Sir, — The value of a “Uniform Contract ” to all engaged in building — architects, owners and contractors — is acknowledged throughout the country.
Its present form was adopted by a joint committee in June, 1888, in the city of New York, consisting of nine members, chosen, three each, by the American Institute of Architects, the Western Association of Architects and the National Association of Builders, and the recognition of its merits is attested by the rapid introduction of the form.
Well aware of crudities in our work, and recognizing the importance of con¬ stantly existing machinery for its perfection, the committee reported to the bodies by them represented in favor of a standing committee on uniform con¬ tracts, to be called together at any time the necessity of amendment or alteration might appear. In this way both architects and builders would know to whom to address at any time their suggestions for changes, and this feature to my mind is one of great importance.
At Cincinnati, in joint convention assembled, the American Institute and the Western Association amalgamated into one national association, to be known by the time honored name of the American Institute of Architects.
Knowing the value of an association with annual conventions in which the profession of the entire country is represented — in which all may be heard for the benefit of the whole — allow me to offer my hearty congratulations to this happy consummation.
The Board of Directors of the Institute, we understand, has ample powers to appoint a committee on uniform contracts to act with the standing committee appointed by the National Association of Builders.
Allow me to suggest the propriety of the early appointment of such com¬ mittee. Not that I am aware of the necessity of immediate action on the part of joint committee, but to preserve and perpetuate the joint committee a living organism.
A committee of six, three from each profession, may be large enough, but should in the judgment of your Board of Directors a larger number be more desir-
February, 1890]
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
13
able, please to notify us to that effect, and our next convention, to be held in St. Paul on January 27, 1890, will appoint an equal number.
Very respectfully yours,
(Signed) George C. Prussing,
Chairman Committee Uniform Contracts , National Association of Builders. To which the following reply has been received :
American Institute of Architects.
Office of the Secretary, )
“The Rookery,” Chicago, January 10, 1890. f My Dear Sir, — The president has appointed as the committee on uniform contracts the following gentlemen : Mr. O. P. Hatfield, Chairman, 31 Pine street, New York ; Mr. Alfred Stone, 65 Westminster street, Providence, Rhode Island ; D. Adler, Esq., Chicago. Truly yours,
To George C. Prussing , Esq. (Signed) J. W. Root, Secretary.
Respectfully submitted,
?^<GtEt;,^USSING’ \ Committee on Uni- A. McAllister,' j form Contracts.
Tlie chairman of the Auditing Committee made the following report, which was adopted :
To the Officers and Members of the National Association of Builders :
Gentlemen, — We, the committee appointed at the last convention to audit the accounts of the treasurer, have examined the same with the vouchers and have found them to be correct. Respectfully,
J. Milton Blair,
W. H. Gorsline.
The President : The next in order is the report of special com¬ mittees. Under that head comes the report of the Builders’ Surety Company, A. McAllister, chairman.
The report of Mr. McAllister was then read by the secretary, as follows :
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON BUILDERS’ SURETY COMPANY.
Your committee, appointed at the last convention to encourage the establish¬ ment of a company for the purpose of giving securities on builders’ estimates and contracts, desire to report :
That they find that several trust companies, already formed, have incorpo¬ rated this idea in their business — are advertising it as an essential feature — and have asked the indorsement of the local organization of builders in the cities where they exist. This indorsement has been refused on account of their system not being, in the opinion of our local organizations, what is desired.
We find that these companies require a “back bond,” and are thus asking and receiving pay without assuming any risk. In addition to this, they are very limited in their scope, and must, necessarily, always be so, as they are local in their character, and have no means of securing proper and reliable information over the wide area comprehended in the affiliation of the National Association ; and any company to receive the valuable aid and assistance of this body should be national in its character and capacity.
Your committee also find that a new company is in prospect of being formed upon the proper basis, namely, giving security for a stipulated charge without asking for a back bond. The promoters of this company have encountered many obstacles, the chief of which being to secure the support and cooperation of builders themselves. To obtain this support they have come to the conclusion that, in organizing and operating, it will be absolutely necessary for them to adopt such plans and methods as will commend the company to the favorable- opinion of the National Association and all its affiliated bodies. This proposed company seemed to your committee to offer opportunity for encouragement in the line of the order of the last convention under which they were appointed, and they have accordingly entered into consultation with its promoters, who, by the way, are all builders, and have proposed certain methods, which, if approved by this body, will no doubt form the'basis of a company for the pur¬ pose named, which shall be national in its character, shall be under the guid¬ ance of this association, shall give each filial body a share in management and profits, and shall be in theory and fact a builders' surety company, managed and composed exclusively of builders.
It has been evident from the start that the National Association was not itself a body competent to enter into financial relations with any enterprise of this character, and yet the peculiar connection which it holds with its filial bodies, provides it with an opportunity to assist in the operation of such a com¬ pany, so comprehensive and superior, so entirely unattainable by any other asso¬ ciation or combination, that your committee have never for a moment been dismayed by the difficulties of their task, but, being stimulated by the great benefits to accrue to the individual builder, to the filial bodies and to the National Association (the connecting link which makes all possible) have deter¬ mined to seek persistently for a feasible method of utilizing the opportunity and finally setting this valuable machinery in operation.
Your committee does not claim for the plan now presented, complete per¬ fection in all its details, but does believe that it offers the principal features of a practical method by which the undertaking may be properly encouraged and supported through the National Association to the definite financial benefit of individual filial bodies, as well as of the central body, thus serving as a powerful factor in consolidating and strengthening us in our efforts for the general betterment of our condition, for which primarily and finally this organ¬ ization was formed.
The plan which the committee offers and asks the association to adopt is as follows :
The National Association to say to the promoters of this enterprise : We will aid and assist in the establishment and operation of this company, will open up the avenues which we control, and offer every advantage which our connection with many widely separated local associations of builders affords, provided the following general propositions are assented to as substantially the basis upon which the company shall be organized and operated, these propositions to be subject to modifications by the committee in charge, said modifications not to impair the general intent and purpose therein and herein set forth.
1. The title of the company to substantially cover the fact that it is a Build¬ ers’ National Insurance, Security and Guaranty Company, and that it is under the patronage and direction of the National Association of Builders.
2. Its stock to be limited to, say, 250,000 shares, at a par value of, say, S4.00 per share.
3. These shares of stock to be issued only to members (either active or hon¬ orary) of bodies affiliated with the National Association, and, if found practic¬ able, to the said filial bodies themselves, thus insuring a holding composed of contractors in the various building trades or persons engaged in similar pursuits.
4. At least 100,000 shares to be held in trust to allow for apportionment as follows :
Each filial body of the National Association which maintains its connection therewith by payment of the yearly dues required by that body, to be allowed and apportioned on the books of the company, stock at the rate of five shares for each member of the said filial body, as shown by their payment of per capita assess¬ ment to the National Association, the same to be adjusted annually.
This apportionment to be without payment of the value of the stock by the said filial bodies, but the certificates of said stock to beheld in trust for their benefit.
Dividends accruing on the stock thus apportioned to filial bodies, to be paid over to them through the national treasurer.
5. Filial bodies in good standing, which are so incorporated as to permit them to hold personal property to be permitted to purchase and hold stock, if any be available, in addition to that apportioned as above mentioned, limited in extent to an equal number of shares to those so apportioned, upon condition that said shares be non-transferable, and that upon failure to maintain their standing in the National Association, they to relinquish the said shares to the said com¬ pany at a price not greater thail that paid for the same.
6. The board of directors of the company to always include the directors of the National Association named at each annual convention by the filial bodies, as their representative.
7. The officers of the company to always be members (present or past) of filial bodies of the National Association.
8. There to be a central department of the company for the general conduct of its business under the direct management of its president, general secretary and treasurer ; there to be also departments with definite territory and jurisdic¬ tion, each managed under the general laws and rule's of the company, through a vice-president as head of the department.
9. In the arrangement of rates of premium to parties applying for insurance
or bonds, an appreciable difference to be made in favor of those who may be members of filial bodies. ,, .
10. The books and affairs of the company to be open at any and all times to the inspection of a regular standing committee of the National Association appointed annually for that purpose.
Your committee thus roughly states the principal points which it deems necessary should be secured to the National Association and to filial bodies thereof, in return for the vast advantage which any company formed for this pur¬ pose would receive through the opportunity to utilize the relations and connec¬ tions which we have established between associations of builders and their mem¬ bers all over the country. But it is well aware that the development of the scheme which these propositions include is a matter which will involve careful study and skillful treatment with the aid of expert advice of the highest charac¬ ter, before the establishment of the proposed company can become a fixed fact. It, therefore, further asks the association to continue the committee which has undertaken the matter thus far, as a “ standing committee ” of the association, for the purpose of securing the establishment of this company on the lines now proposed, and otherwise regulating its method of organization so that the best interests of the National Association, its filial bodies and their members , may be preserved. . . , , . , ,
In concluding their report your committee wish to say that with deeper inves¬ tigation of this problem its members have become more thoroughly than ever 'convinced that immense benefits are to accrue to all, from the setting up of a company of this kind, under the guidance and direction of the National Associa¬ tion with the great opportunities which it alone can offer.
Beside the principal business which was first suggested, that is, giving sure¬ ties or bonds on estimates and contracts freeing the individual from the embar¬ rassing necessity of importuning his friends to go on his bonds, which in itself is worthy of all that has been said, returning, as it surely will, very handsome divi¬ dends from this alone, your committee can readily see that it will be perfectly competent also for this company to secure a charter so that insurance on build¬ ers’ risks, as well as risks of accident to workmen or the public, will be compre¬ hended in its field of operation, it may act also as a trustee and guarantor between owner and builder. Builders, through a company thus established, will be enabled to insure themselves and each other, and receive the profits them¬ selves which now fall into the hands, either of foreign corporations, or corpora¬ tions in which the builder reaps little or none of the financial benefit.
To the eyes of the committee the opportunity is inconceivably great ; it belongs to us more than to any others. We happen to be thrown, through the connection established by our central body, into a position where we can handle such business with a facility and certainty that no outsiders can possibly obtain. We furnish the whole apparatus for perfect operation through experience in the business of building, through our existing organizations and the ready channel of
information they offer ; and besides this, in case of any fa-’ - * - *~
carry out their contracts, instead of being obliged to go to breach, we, being builders, can repair it ourselves at a mil times can turn even an apparent loss into actual profit.
Your committee commend this matter to the convention as one of the most complete and satisfactory of undertakings, one that they believe will surely result in vast benefits — benefits appreciable in the easier conduct of the con¬ tractors’ business, in the security of the public, in the strengthening of the National and all filial bodies, financially and every way. , ,
If this report be approved by the convention, your committee ask the adop¬ tion of the following resolution : , .
Resolved , That the committee on Builders’ Surety Company be and is hereby continued as a standing committee, and is instructed to secure, as soon as possi¬ ble, the establishment of a company based upon the general plan and conditions outlined in this report. Respectfully submitted,
A. McAllister, Chairman, ]
George C. Prussing,
J. Milton Blair, I
Edward E. Scribner, j- Committee.
John J. Tucker,
John S. Stevens,
William H. Sayward, J
of individual: outsiders to repair the rimum cost, and some-
The President : Gentlemen, what will you do with the report of the Committee on Builders’ Surety Company ?
Richard Smith, of Omaha : I move that it be accepted.
Considerable discussion ensued upon the significance of the adoption of the report of the association, and the report was finally received and approved and made the special order of business at 3 o’clock the ■following day.
A short intermission was here taken ; thereupon the president introduced to the convention Mr. Richard Deeves, who read a paper entitled, “The National Importance of the Industrial Education of the Youth of the Country.” (Printed on page 6.)
The paper was received with marked approbation.
Mr. Ittner : Mr. President, I rise to move a vote of thanks to Mr. Richard Deeves, of New York, for the able, manly and courageous paper he has just read.
The motion was seconded and carried.
The president then announced the appointment of a committee to appoint time and place of next convention, and to nominate officers for the coming year, as follows : Richard Deeves, of New York ; Robert H. Jenks, of Cleveland ; Richard Smith, of Omaha ; Daniel Evans, of St. Louis ; and W. R. Stoughton, of Pittsburgh.
On motion the session adjourned.
SECOND DAY — MORNING SESSION.
The convention assembled at the Chamber of Commerce Building- and was called to order by President Scribner at 10 o'clock a m.
The roll was called and several announcements were made by the secretary.
The president then called for the report of the Legislative Com¬ mittee, which is as follows :
St. Paul, January 28, 1890.
To the President , Officers and Delegates of the Fourth Annual Convention of the National Association of Builders :
Gentlemen Your Legislative Committee would respectfully report that during the year they have reviewed the actions taken by them on various subjects that have been in their charge in previous years and have no modification nor improvements to suggest, although further" experience may show that there are opportunities for improvement. Your committee would ask authority from the National Association to present the following memorial to the congress of the United States : ^ , ,
Whereas, The Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department has been unable as heretofore to furnish plans and specifications of the various public buildings to be constructed to the builders’ exchanges ; therefore, be it
Resolved , That the National Association of Builders, in convention assembled, respectfully petition congress to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury Depart-
14
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
[Vol. XV. No.
ment to furnish the building exchanges in the various cities with the plans and specifications of all public work, for the purpose of enabling their members to estimate and submit proposals for the same.
Respectfully submitted by the committee.
Marc Eidlitz, 1
Wm. Harkness Jr., >■ Committee on Legislation.
E. L. Bartlett, )
Mr. Sayward on behalf of the Executive Committee spoke at length regarding the report, and concluded by stating that, should these recommendations, or this recommendation, be finally adopted, after liberal discussion by the convention, the committee would sug¬ gest the adding of the following paragraph :
The National Association again declares that its purpose is, and always has been, not to interfere with or attempt to control or dictate to its affiliated bodies in any of their specific action, on the assumption that they are the best judges of the situation and conditions which surround them, but it desires always to give its membership the amplest opportunity for information upon all subjects in which they are concerned and in which the experience and judgment of each may strengthen and benefit all in the setting up of a general policy for the guidance of all.
Mr. Sayward said that before discussion on this main proposition was opened, the Executive Committee desire that there be an expres¬ sion from each and every city as to the existing conditions in their locality, and their views as to the effect of any reduction or increase in the hours now prevailing, each city to be called upon in alphabeti¬ cal order, which the president, I understand, will now proceed to do.
After some further discussion the secretary called the roll by dele¬ gations, with a result as follows :
Baltimore, Md. — W. J. Bevan : Mr. President, I would like to add to the report from Baltimore that the millmen and ironmen work ten hours, and are paid by the day.
Boston. — Mr. Sherry : Boston two years ago inaugurated the nine-hour system. Payment by the hour.
Brooklyn, N. Y. — W. L. Glidden : Nine hours per day, and paid by the day.
Buffalo, N. Y. — E. M. Hager : Mr. President, in Buffalo we work, as a rule, nine hours a day in all places except in shops — any place where there is machinery at work. All other trades work nine hours per day, and are paid by the day, with the exception of about one-quarter of the carpenters, who are working ten hours up to date ; but all the rest, three-quarters, work nine. The sentiment of the exchange emphatically questions the eight-hour system.
Charleston, S. C. — Not represented on the floor.
Chicago, III. — D. V. Purington : Bricklayers, stonemasons, stonecutters, plumbers, plasterers, and about one-third of the car¬ penters eight hours for a day’s work. One-third of the carpenters and painters eigjit hours. The balance of the carpenters and painters nine and ten hours per day. Cast-iron men, marble-men and all men employed at mill and factory, ten hours for a day’s work. Payment universally by the hour.
Cincinnati, Ohio. — J. Milton Blair : Mr. President and gentle¬ men, the mechanics of the different building trades of Cincinnati are employed by the hour and paid by the hour. The prevailing hours for a day’s work, on all days of the week except Saturday, are nine hours, with the exception of about one-quarter of the carpenters and all the planing-mill men, who work ten hours for a day’s work. On Saturday eight hours is the limit of time for a day’s work. Paid for by the hour.
Cleveland, Ohio. — A. McAllister : Matters are decidedly mixed in the matter of hours. The stonecutters work eight hours univer¬ sally. The bricklayers and stonemasons work nine hours univer¬ sally. The plasterers work nine hours. All the carpenters, and, I think, nearly all other mechanics of the building trades, work ten hours. Stonecutters and masons are paid by the day ; the carpenters pretty universally by the hour. That, I think, answers the question.
Denver, Col. — A. S. Ripley : I will state we are considerably mixed in Denver. The stonemasons work eight hours universally. Plasterers and some other trades, painters and carpenters, are work¬ ing nine, with the exception of the millmen. The millmen work ten. The ironmen work ten, and the city, as a general thing, is about equally divided. The outside men, what we call the outside carpen¬ ters, work nine ; inside (that is, in the shops) ten. Paid by the day.
Detroit, Mich. — W. J. Stapleton: In Detroit we work nine hours, and, as a rule, by the hour, with the exception of stonecut¬ ters ; they work eight hours, and the stonesetters work nine. All the mills run ten.
East Saginaw, Mich. — John H. Gualmann : The outside men work nine hours, paid by the day.
Grand Rapids, Mich. — John Rawson : With the exception of stonelayers, bricklayers and plasterers, all trades work ten hours per day. Those three mentioned work nine hours. Invariably, all trades are paid by the hour.
Indianapolis, Ind. — J. C. Adams: In the city of Indianapolis the building trades, with the exception I believe of a few stonecutters, work nine hours — the usual day’s work. Those engaged in planing mills, factories and machine shops work ten hours. The payment is by the day generally. Nine hours for building trades, with the excep¬ tion of possibly the stonecutters, and perhaps I might say with the exception of a few carpenters who work ten hours. But, generally, nine hours is a day’s work, and they are paid by the hour.
Kansas City. — W. W. Taylor : The bricklayers and stonecutters and plumbers work nine hours, and are paid by the hour. All other branches (mills and everything) work ten hours ; but some of them pay by the day, and some by the hour.
Louisville, Ky. — Samuel P. Snead : Mr. President, I would say that at Louisville in all the departments of work ten hours, except bricklayers, and they work nine. Some pay by the hour, and some by the day.
Lowell, Mass. — John A. Coggshall : The carpenters for nine months in the year work ten hours ; for three months they work nine
hours. The brickmasons and stonecutters work nine hours. Car¬ penters, brickmasons and stonecutters are paid by the hour. All other trades and all operatives in mills run by machinery work ten hours, and are paid by the day.
Milwaukee, Wis. — Garrett W. Dunck : Mr. President, in Mil¬ waukee the masons and stonecutters, about three-quarters of them, work eight hours a day ; the other quarter works ten. Painters, .car¬ penters and various other trades work eight, nine and ten hours, and are hired by the day and by the hour.
Minneapolis, Minn. — Herbert Chalker : In Minneapolis the stonecutters work eight hours a day, and are paid by the hour ; the stone¬ masons work nine hours a day, and are paid by the hour. The brick¬ layers work nine hours a day, and are paid by the hour. The painters work nine hours a day, and are paid by the hour. Plumbers work nine hours a day, and are paid by the day. All other days’ work, ten hours a day, and are paid by the day.
Newark, N. J. — Not represented on the floor.
New Haven, Conn. — Not represented.
New York City — Marc Eidlitz : In New York City the stone¬ cutters work eight hours and are paid by the day. Carpenters, plas¬ terers and ironworkers, plumbers, gasfitters, steamfitters and derrick men, also granite, bluestone and marble men are working nine hours, and are paid by the day. Saturdays eight hours in all cases. Stonemasons and bricklayers work nine hours per day and are paid by the hour. Brickmasons and stonemasons work only eight hours on Saturday, but they are only paid by the hour for eight hours.
Omaha, Neb. — G. J. Le Veille : Stonemasons, nine hours ; brick¬ layers, nine hours (eight hours on Saturday) ; plasterers, eight hours ; carpenters, about half nine hours and half ten ; plumbers, nine hours ; stonecutters, eight hours. All, or nearly all, paid by the hour, and nine hours per day among all our trades. All millmen of our city are working ten hours ; also paid by the hour.
Philadelphia — Stacy Reeves : Mr. President, in Philadelphia nine hours is the prevailing day’s work, paid partially by the hour and partially by the day. There are exceptions, of course, to the nine-hour rule, but that is the general standard of a day's work among all the branches. The only branch that I now think of work¬ ing shorter hours on Saturday’ are the stonecutters. Millmen work ten hours and are paid by the day.
Portland, Me. — A. D. Smith : Plasterers, nine hours ; all others work ten, paid by the day.
Pittsburgh — Samuel Francis : Stonelayers, stonecutters, brick¬ layers, carpenters and painters work nine hours, except on Saturday, when they work eight. Paid by the hour, generally. Millmen and the other trades nine hours per day, paid by the day.
Providence, R. I. — James S. Hudson : Mr, President, the statute laws of the State of Rhode Island fix the hours of labor at ten. Carpenters, masons, painters, all mill operatives and all other mechanics, with the exception of plasterers and stonecutters, in our city work ten hours. Plasterers and stonecutters have established for their union nine hours as a day’s labor. They are all paid by the day.
Rochester, N. Y. — J. H. Grant : Mr. President, all masons, stonecutters and plasterers work nine hours and are paid wholly by the hour, there being no reduction of hours on Saturday. Carpen¬ ters, nine hours. The millmen work ten hours, usually, although there are exceptions to that. Plumbers, nine hours, and are paid by the hour ; painters, nine hours, and, I believe, paid by the day ; marble workers, ten hours ; iron workers, ten hours. All laborers, ten hours, paid by the hour, almost universally.
St. Joseph, Mo. — John De Clue : St. Joseph, loyal to the National Association in its recommendation that we adopt the hour sys¬ tem, did so last season, engaging by the hour and paying by the hour. Plumbers and stonecutters have been working for a year or more eight hours per day. All other trades ten hours up to the present time, excepting during the short months of winter, when some shops have cut down to eight and some to nine, but pay by the hour the same as in the summer time.
St. Louis, Mo. — Daniel Evans : All mechanics working on build¬ ings on the outside and inside are working eight hours, with the exception of plumbers and tinners, who are working nine hours ; all paid by the hour. A few carpenters work nine and some ten. Mill- men, factorymen and foundrymen, etc., are working ten hours, and are paid by the day, though some are paid by the hour.
St Paul, Minn. — T. A. Abbott : The St. Paul stonecutters work eight hours a day ; brick men, plumbers and plasterers work nine hours a pay ; carpenters, millmen, painters and stonemasons work ten hours a day. Payment is by the hour.
Sioux City, Iowa — F. F. Beck: Sioux City works ten hours univer¬ sally, except Saturday, which is nine hours, but we pay by the hour. In the winter we work nine hours, but it is universally paid by the day.
Syracuse, N. Y.— Henry T. Crawford : Mr. President, in Syra¬ cuse the bricklayers, plasterers, stonemasons and stonecutters work nine hours a day. Carpenters, tinsmiths, plumbers, painters and shop people work ten hours a day. Payment by the hour all around.
Washington. — Thomas J. King: All mechanics employed in mills for the manufacture of building material and mechanics employed in the construction of buildings work nine hours per day, with the exception of stonecutters who work eight. All mechanics are paid by the hour, with the exception of the plumbers who are paid by the day.
Wheeling, W. Va. — G. W. Beggs: Mr. President, I am here, I presume, to represent the entire state. I am from the city of Wheel¬ ing. I will state that the bricklayers of Wheeling work nine hours. They are paid by the day. The carpenters of the city of Wheeling work nine hours, and are paid by the day. The plasterers of the city
February, 1890]
THE INLAND ARCHITECT AND NEWS RECORD.
15
■of Wheeling wo'rk nine hours, and are paid by the day. The govern¬ ors of West Virginia work the whole year round. In our blast-houses and rolling-mills (which is identical probably with our Pittsburgh people) they work by the piece, and probably work ten or twelve hours. The nailcutters and sheet-rollers work by the piece, and have nothing to do with labor organizations in regard to the hour system.
Wilmington, Del. — A. S. Reed: The bricklayers, stonemasons and a small portion of the plasterers work nine hours. They are paid by the hour, and a very small proportion of our carpenters last year worked nine hours. I think, likely, some of them this year. The balance of the crafts engaged in the building business work ten hours. They are paid by the day.
Worcester, Mass. — H. W. Eddy : The carpenters, millmen, painters and plumbers work ten hours. About two-thirds of the bricklayers and masons work nine and the balance ten. They are paid usually by the hour.
The President : Now, gentlemen, having called the roll, we have the information asked for, for which we are very much obliged. If any gentleman now wishes to make a motion affecting the recommen¬ dation of the Executive Committee, it is in order.
Marc Eidlitz : Mr. Chairman, I move that the resolution offered by the Executive Committee be accepted and be adopted as the sense ■of this convention.
The motion was seconded by Mr. William Harkness Jr., of Phila¬ delphia.
Thomas King, of Washington : Mr. President, I move, as a sub¬ stitute for the motion by the gentleman from New York, that this report of the Executive Committee be referred back to that commit¬ tee for further consideration.
Mr. Beggs, of Wheeling : Mr. Chairman, I second that motion, and to report tomorrow.
Mr. Adams, of Indianapolis : Mr. Chairman, the motion of my friend on the left (Mr. King) is too indefinite. The suggestion offered by the seconder of the motion, that we report tomorrow, was not accepted by Mr. King, and if Mr. King desires to postpone the further consideration of this matter it should be embodied in the form of a motion that further consideration be deferred for one year. Practically his motion would kill the whole business, and it is obvious to us all that it would be rather a summary way of disposing of it. This convention, I take it, is composed of men of courage ; they are not cowardly in assuming any responsibility that may come upon them, and are perfectly willing to meet any contingency as suggested in the resolution or the recommendation of the committee in the dis¬ cussion this morning. We called the members of our organization together in the city of Indianapolis, requesting an expression of feel¬ ing — requesting them to give us instructions, if they in their judgment saw proper, in the matter of the eight-hour question, which would be likely to come before this convention. Our exchange is divided, there is a diversity of opinion. No general judgment could be attained, and they sent their delegates here uninstructed and unadvised. Per¬ sonally I entertain opinions possibly different from those of most members of our exchange. Mr. Chairman, as I look around this room I see men who have not attained their present position by for¬ tuitous circumstances, but by their own energy, industry and their ' adaptation to their business, and I believe that the time is not far distant when the question of eight hours for a day’s work will be upon us, and in a manner that we cannot refuse to recognize. We may as well take hold of it as men and express our judgment. I, for one, am prepared to say, and am willing to say (individually pnly, not for my colleagues that are with me this morning), when time shall have adjusted the relations of employer and employd, and when all the different conditions shall be so brought into shape that we can satis¬ factorily give our employes compensation for eight hours, I am ready for the change. (Applause.) For myself, Mr. Chairman, I began life working ten hours, and you may say from sun to sun, and to me, just now, eight hours is a very long day’s work. (Applause.) We must meet this question as becomes our employes. Their interests are ours and ours are theirs. And I am sorry that the impression has gone forth and the idea has prevailed, not only among the build¬ ers of this country, but it has been set forth in the press of different sections of the republic, that there is an antagonism existing between the employer and employe. With my men, in the corporation I am connected with, there is none. There should be harmony and good feeling ; we should meet them as men, we should meet them and con¬ fer with them and unite and agree upon methods that should be advantageous to us all. (Applause.) Now, Mr. Chairman, there should be no division of judgment as to the fact that we are all mutually interested. There should be a concession, not on one side only, but a compromising of conditions and an agreement upon cer¬ tain relations that would benefit us all. Further, I desire to say, before taking my seat, that I am glad the secretary of the association made an explanation of the reason why this matter was brought up before